到底是什麼原因呢?是感染性腦炎?殺蟲劑?或者食用了荔枝果實?一群來自印度與美國的研究人員與醫學專家花費多年時間,絞盡腦汁試圖解開這個謎團。最近,透過一篇在 2017 年 4 月發表在國際醫學權威期刊 The Lancet Global Health 的文章 [1],終於在迷霧中透露一線曙光,指出最可能造成這個現象的元兇。
後來呢?根據一篇 New York Times 的報導 [2],自 2015 年來,當地衛生組織根據此研究結果持續衛教父母及醫護人員。近兩個荔枝產季,穆扎夫法爾普爾(Muzaffarpur)當地急性腦病變的病例數大減,目前已從數百例降到少於少於 50 例。希望有一天,能夠不再有犧牲者。
太棒了,科學萬歲。
參考資料
Shrivastava A, Kumar A, Thomas JD, Laserson KF, Bhushan G, Carter MD, Chhabra M, Mittal V, Khare S, Sejvar JJ (2017) Association of acute toxic encephalopathy with litchi consumption in an outbreak in Muzaffarpur, India, 2014: a case-control study. The Lancet Global Health 5 (4):e458-e466
Crowther, C. A., Hiller, J. E., Moss, J. R., McPhee, A. J., Jeffries, W. S., & Robinson, J. S. (2005). Effect of treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus on pregnancy outcomes. New England Journal of Medicine, 352(24), 2477–2486. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa042973
Landon, M. B., Spong, C. Y., Thom, E., Carpenter, M. W., Ramin, S. M., Casey, B., … & Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Network. (2009). A multicenter, randomized trial of treatment for mild gestational diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine, 361(14), 1339–1348. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0902430
Diguisto, C., et al. (2022). A study of diabetic ketoacidosis in the pregnant population in the United Kingdom: Investigating the incidence, aetiology, management and outcomes. Diabetic Medicine, 39(4), e14743. https://doi.org/10.1111/dme.14743
Ogawa, M., Irahara, M., Kamegai, H., Kuwahara, A., Yoshida, M., & Saito, H. (2013). ISRN Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2013, 120735. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/120735
World Health Organization. (2022). WHO recommendation on tocolytic therapy.
Ubom, A. E., Lamont, R. F., & FIGO Working Group. (2023). International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 163(S2), 40–50. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijgo.15113
這張顯微照片採用革蘭氏染色技術處理,顯示大量革蘭氏陰性、桿狀的類鼻疽伯克氏菌。圖片來源:CDC Public Health Image Library
經鞭毛增強染色處理後,展現了類鼻疽伯克氏菌超微結構形態。圖片來源:CDC Public Health Image Library
參考資料:
Whitmore, A. and Krishnaswami, C.S. (1912) An Account of the Discovery of a Hitherto Undescribed Infective Disease Occurring among the Population of Rangoon. Indian Medical Gazette, 47, 262-267.
Brightman, C. and Locum, (2020), Melioidosis: the Vietnamese time bomb. Trends Urology & Men Health, 11: 30-32. https://doi.org/10.1002/tre.753
Chronic Kidney Disease Satyanarayana R. Vaidya; Narothama R. Aeddula.
KDIGO 2024 clinical practice guideline on evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease: A primer on what pharmacists need to know
Fernández-Fernandez B, Sarafidis P, Soler MJ, Ortiz A. EMPA-KIDNEY: expanding the range of kidney protection by SGLT2 inhibitors. Clin Kidney J. 2023 Jun 16;16(8):1187-1198. doi: 10.1093/ckj/sfad082. PMID: 37529652; PMCID: PMC10387399
Perspectives on Chronic Kidney Disease With Type 2 Diabetes and Risk Management: Practical Viewpoints and a Paradigm Shift Using a Pillar Approach