文獻與人物:
Ebrahim, I. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 2012, study received ahead of print.
Irshaad Ebrahim, medical director,The London Sleep Centre in London, U.K.
Michael Breus, PhD, sleep specialist, Scottsdale, Ariz.
Scott Krakower, DO, addiction specialist, North Shore-LIJ, Mineola, N.Y.
Bonnstetter 的律師建議他做睡眠檢查(polysomnography;sleep study)。[1, 2]廣義來說,涵蓋睡覺時的腦波、血氧、心律、呼吸,以及眼睛和腿的活動等;[7]而這裡大概會著重能提出證據的項目。Bonnstetter 最先拜訪的睡眠實驗室,聽說官司進行中,便拒絕了。於是,他改去若許大學醫療中心(Rush University Medical Center),找專治睡眠障礙的神經科醫師和心理師。[1]
年齡、肥胖、家族史、更年期、顱顏結構變異(如:口咽氣道狹窄)、吸菸、喝酒皆會增加 OSA 之易感性(vulnerability)[4]。肥胖(尤其頸圍較大,即脖子較粗者)為 OSA 的重要風險因子,由於脂肪沉積於周邊結構,上呼吸道的解剖構造受影響,因而增加氣道塌陷的可能 [2]。在高收入國家,OSA 的盛行率有逐漸升高之趨勢。
一般認為 OSA 問題根源為顱顏結構(craniofacial structure)或體脂肪造成對咽喉氣道的阻礙,導致呼吸道塌陷。清醒的時候,由於上呼吸道擴張肌的用力,呼吸道能保持暢通,一旦進入睡眠,肌肉活動減少,便造成氣道塌陷。
近年則發現氣道的解剖構造未能完全解釋 OSA 的發生 [6],必須也考量到呼吸系統控制的穩定性。當中樞呼吸輸出量增減時,上呼吸道擴張肌的活動也會隨之改變。中樞呼吸的驅動力較低時,上呼吸道擴張肌的活動力也隨之減少,氣道的阻力因而增高,因此較易塌陷。
如果要接受手術治療,應先確認其 OSA 是否為上呼吸道結構異常所導致,與醫師詳盡溝通,審慎考量手術之成功率與可能併發症再作決定。
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由於影響 OSA 的因素繁多,包括過重、睡眠習慣不佳、鼻塞、藥物的使用、酒精的攝取等。無論採取何種方式治療,都應同時考量這些疾病相關因子並適當介入,在治療 OSA 及改善睡眠品質上都將更有效益。
參考文獻
陳繁齊(2016)。下雨的人。台灣:時報出版。
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