密西根大學醫學院(University of Michigan Medical School)的卡姆巴克博士(Dr. David Kalmbach),與研究團隊找來171位青年女性參與這項研究。首先,她們得填寫一份問卷,調查她們焦慮、憂鬱、性健康…等健康狀況,並在後續14天起床時完成另一份系列問卷;這份問卷評估過去24小時的性狀況以及前一晚的睡眠品質。
結果顯示,睡眠看起來能夠增強性慾;每當多增加睡眠一小時,增加14%與伴侶產生性行為的意願。此外,睡眠也和性器官興奮有關,當睡眠時間較長,則陰道興奮較少遇到障礙。研究成果發表在《性醫學期刊》(Journal of Sexual Medicine)。
Bonnstetter 的律師建議他做睡眠檢查(polysomnography;sleep study)。[1, 2]廣義來說,涵蓋睡覺時的腦波、血氧、心律、呼吸,以及眼睛和腿的活動等;[7]而這裡大概會著重能提出證據的項目。Bonnstetter 最先拜訪的睡眠實驗室,聽說官司進行中,便拒絕了。於是,他改去若許大學醫療中心(Rush University Medical Center),找專治睡眠障礙的神經科醫師和心理師。[1]
年齡、肥胖、家族史、更年期、顱顏結構變異(如:口咽氣道狹窄)、吸菸、喝酒皆會增加 OSA 之易感性(vulnerability)[4]。肥胖(尤其頸圍較大,即脖子較粗者)為 OSA 的重要風險因子,由於脂肪沉積於周邊結構,上呼吸道的解剖構造受影響,因而增加氣道塌陷的可能 [2]。在高收入國家,OSA 的盛行率有逐漸升高之趨勢。
一般認為 OSA 問題根源為顱顏結構(craniofacial structure)或體脂肪造成對咽喉氣道的阻礙,導致呼吸道塌陷。清醒的時候,由於上呼吸道擴張肌的用力,呼吸道能保持暢通,一旦進入睡眠,肌肉活動減少,便造成氣道塌陷。
近年則發現氣道的解剖構造未能完全解釋 OSA 的發生 [6],必須也考量到呼吸系統控制的穩定性。當中樞呼吸輸出量增減時,上呼吸道擴張肌的活動也會隨之改變。中樞呼吸的驅動力較低時,上呼吸道擴張肌的活動力也隨之減少,氣道的阻力因而增高,因此較易塌陷。
如果要接受手術治療,應先確認其 OSA 是否為上呼吸道結構異常所導致,與醫師詳盡溝通,審慎考量手術之成功率與可能併發症再作決定。
由於影響 OSA 的因素繁多,包括過重、睡眠習慣不佳、鼻塞、藥物的使用、酒精的攝取等。無論採取何種方式治療,都應同時考量這些疾病相關因子並適當介入,在治療 OSA 及改善睡眠品質上都將更有效益。
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