當T細胞來盤查時,T細胞身上帶有一個具備煞車功能的「讀卡機」,叫做「程序性細胞死亡蛋白受體-1 (programmed cell death protein 1, PD-1) 」,簡稱 PD-1。當癌細胞的 PD-L1 跟 T細胞的 PD-1 對上時,就等於是在說:「嘿,自己人啦!別查我」,也就是腫瘤癌細胞會表現很多可抑制免疫 T 細胞活性的分子,這些分子能通過免疫 T 細胞的檢查哨,等於是通知免疫系統無需攻擊的訊號,因此 T 細胞就真的會被唬住,轉身離開且放棄攻擊。
一個人在關係中投入的越少,他反而會居於有利的位置;最不感興趣的人擁有著最大的權力,這被稱為「最小利益原則或最不感興趣原則 (Principle of least interest)」。這個詞由社會學家 Willard Waller 提出,他發現在伴侶之間,權力很少是平均分配的,而在這不對等的關係之中有一方不論是在情感、或是物質及金錢上的獲得都比另外一方來得多,但這個人卻是在關係中投入較少的一方。
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