Campbell B. Varicose veins and their management. BMJ. 2006;333(7562):287-292. doi:10.1136/bmj.333.7562.287
Courtney M. Townsend, Jr., MD, R. Daniel Beauchamp, MD, B. Mark Evers, MD, and Kenneth L. Mattox, MD (2021). Sabiston Textbook of Surgery (21st edition).
Lurie F, Passman M, Meisner M, et al. The 2020 update of the CEAP classification system and reporting standards [published correction appears in J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2021 Jan;9(1):288]. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2020;8(3):342-352. doi:10.1016/j.jvsv.2019.12.075
當T細胞來盤查時,T細胞身上帶有一個具備煞車功能的「讀卡機」,叫做「程序性細胞死亡蛋白受體-1 (programmed cell death protein 1, PD-1) 」,簡稱 PD-1。當癌細胞的 PD-L1 跟 T細胞的 PD-1 對上時,就等於是在說:「嘿,自己人啦!別查我」,也就是腫瘤癌細胞會表現很多可抑制免疫 T 細胞活性的分子,這些分子能通過免疫 T 細胞的檢查哨,等於是通知免疫系統無需攻擊的訊號,因此 T 細胞就真的會被唬住,轉身離開且放棄攻擊。
Campbell B. Varicose veins and their management. BMJ. 2006;333(7562):287-292. doi:10.1136/bmj.333.7562.287
Courtney M. Townsend, Jr., MD, R. Daniel Beauchamp, MD, B. Mark Evers, MD, and Kenneth L. Mattox, MD (2021). Sabiston Textbook of Surgery (21st edition).
Lurie F, Passman M, Meisner M, et al. The 2020 update of the CEAP classification system and reporting standards [published correction appears in J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2021 Jan;9(1):288]. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2020;8(3):342-352. doi:10.1016/j.jvsv.2019.12.075