來自馬來西亞，畢業於台灣國立清華大學生命科學系學士暨碩士班，以及美國加州大學戴維斯分校（University of California at Davis）遺傳學博士班，從事果蠅演化遺傳學研究。曾於台灣中央研究院生物多樣性研究中心擔任博士後研究員，現任教於國立清華大學分子與細胞生物學研究所，從事鳥類的演化遺傳學、基因體學及演化發育生物學研究。過去曾長期擔任中文科學新聞網站「科景」（Sciscape.org）總編輯，現任台大科教中心CASE特約寫手、Readmoo部落格【GENE思書軒】、關鍵評論網專欄作家；個人部落格：The Sky of Gene；臉書粉絲頁：GENE思書齋。
但當時第一次世界大戰的主要參戰國家，如德、英、法、美等國為了避免影響士氣，嚴格管制媒體報導疫情。然而保持中立而未參戰的西班牙，因為沒有實施戰時審查制度，西班牙媒體自由報導著流感相關新聞，甚至連西班牙國王阿方索十三世（King Alfonso XIII）感染重症的消息也被廣泛報導，造成西班牙疫情特別嚴重的錯覺，也因此被命名為「西班牙流感」。
病毒外殼上還零星分布M2離子通道蛋白（M2 ion channel protein），但數量非常少，平均每100至200個HA，才有一個M2。套膜下則有M1基質蛋白（matrix protein M1）支撐病毒結構，維持病毒穩定。B型流感病毒的整體結構和A型非常類似，只是膜蛋白組成略有不同，除了HA和NA之外，另有兩種B型流感獨有的NB和BM2蛋白。至於C型流感病毒，外型就和A、B型明顯不同，它們在感染細胞表面時，能形成長達數百微米的「繩索狀結構」。
Bouvier, N. M., & Palese, P. (2008). The biology of influenza viruses. Vaccine, 26 Suppl 4(Suppl 4), D49–D53.
Berche P. (2022). The Spanish flu. Presse medicale (Paris, France : 1983), 51(3), 104127.
Yoshida, A., Uekusa, Y., Suzuki, T., Bauer, M., Sakai, N., & Yamauchi, Y. (2025). Enhanced visualization of influenza A virus entry into living cells using virus-view atomic force microscopy. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 122(38), e2500660122.
COVID-19 is a contagious disease caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. In January 2020, the disease spread worldwide, resulting in the COVID-19 pandemic.
The symptoms of COVID‑19 can vary but often include fever,[7] fatigue, cough, breathing difficulties, loss of smell, and loss of taste.[8][9][10] Symptoms may begin one to fourteen days after exposure to the virus. At least a third of people who are infected do not develop noticeable symptoms.[11][12] Of those who develop symptoms noticeable enough to be classified as patients, most (81%) develop mild to moderate symptoms (up to mild pneumonia), while 14% develop severe symptoms (dyspnea, hypoxia, or more than 50% lung involvement on imaging), and 5% develop critical symptoms (respiratory failure, shock, or multiorgan dysfunction).[13] Older people have a higher risk of developing severe symptoms. Some complications result in death. Some people continue to experience a range of effects (long COVID) for months or years after infection, and damage to organs has been observed.[14] Multi-year studies on the long-term effects are ongoing.[15]
COVID‑19 transmission occurs when infectious particles are breathed in or come into contact with the eyes, nose, or mouth. The risk is highest when people are in close proximity, but small airborne particles containing the virus can remain suspended in the air and travel over longer distances, particularly indoors. Transmission can also occur when people touch their eyes, nose, or mouth after touching surfaces or objects that have been contaminated by the virus. People remain contagious for up to 20 days and can spread the virus even if they do not develop symptoms.[16]
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Testing methods for COVID-19 to detect the virus’s nucleic acid include real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‑PCR),[17][18] transcription-mediated amplification,[17][18][19] and reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT‑LAMP)[17][18] from a nasopharyngeal swab.[20]
Several COVID-19 vaccines have been approved and distributed in various countries, many of which have initiated mass vaccination campaigns. Other preventive measures include physical or social distancing, quarantining, ventilation of indoor spaces, use of face masks or coverings in public, covering coughs and sneezes, hand washing, and keeping unwashed hands away from the face. While drugs have been developed to inhibit the virus, the primary treatment is still symptomatic, managing the disease through supportive care, isolation, and experimental measures.
