為了解決這個問題,需要一種關鍵材料,導熱介面材料(TIM,Thermal Interface Material)。它的任務就是填補這些縫隙,讓熱可以更加順暢傳遞出去。可以把TIM想像成散熱高速公路的「匝道」,即使主線有再多車道,如果匝道堵住了,車流還是無法順利進入高速公路。同樣地,如果 TIM 的導熱效果不好,熱量就會卡在晶片與散熱片之間,導致散熱效率下降。
-----廣告,請繼續往下閱讀-----
那麼,要怎麼提升 TIM 的效能呢?很直覺的做法是增加導熱金屬粉的比例。目前最常見且穩定的選擇是氧化鋅或氧化鋁,若要更高效的散熱材料,則有氮化鋁、六方氮化硼、立方氮化硼等更高級的選項。
典型的 TIM 是由兩個成分組成:高導熱粉末(如金屬或陶瓷粉末)與聚合物基質。大部分散熱膏的特點是流動性好,盡可能地貼合表面、填補縫隙。但也因為太「軟」了,受熱受力後容易向外「溢流」。或是造成基質和熱源過分接觸,高分子在高溫下發生熱裂解。這也是為什麼有些導熱膏使用一段時間後,會出現乾裂或表面變硬。
Scott, E. M., Halees, A., Itan, Y., Spencer, E. G., He, Y., Azab, M. A., … & Gleeson, J. G. (2016). Characterization of Greater Middle Eastern genetic variation for enhanced disease gene discovery. Nature genetics, 48(9), 1071-1076.
Skov, L., Peyrégne, S., Popli, D., Iasi, L. N., Devièse, T., Slon, V., … & Peter, B. M. (2022). Genetic insights into the social organization of Neanderthals. Nature, 610(7932), 519-525.
Sikora, M., Seguin-Orlando, A., Sousa, V. C., Albrechtsen, A., Korneliussen, T., Ko, A., … & Willerslev, E. (2017). Ancient genomes show social and reproductive behavior of early Upper Paleolithic foragers. Science, 358(6363), 659-662.
Svensson, E., Günther, T., Hoischen, A., Hervella, M., Munters, A. R., Ioana, M., … & Jakobsson, M. (2021). Genome of Peştera Muierii skull shows high diversity and low mutational load in pre-glacial Europe. Current Biology, 31(14), 2973-2983.
Pearson, J., Evans, J., Lamb, A., Baird, D., Hodder, I., Marciniak, A., … & Fernández-Domínguez, E. (2023). Mobility and kinship in the world’s first village societies. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 120(4), e2209480119.
Yaka, R., Mapelli, I., Kaptan, D., Doğu, A., Chyleński, M., Erdal, Ö. D., … & Somel, M. (2021). Variable kinship patterns in Neolithic Anatolia revealed by ancient genomes. Current Biology, 31(11), 2455-2468.
Wang, X., Skourtanioti, E., Benz, M., Gresky, J., Ilgner, J., Lucas, M., … & Stockhammer, P. W. (2023). Isotopic and DNA analyses reveal multiscale PPNB mobility and migration across Southeastern Anatolia and the Southern Levant. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 120(4), e2210611120.
Cassidy, L. M., Maoldúin, R. Ó., Kador, T., Lynch, A., Jones, C., Woodman, P. C., … & Bradley, D. G. (2020). A dynastic elite in monumental Neolithic society. Nature, 582(7812), 384-388.
Fowler, C., Olalde, I., Cummings, V., Armit, I., Büster, L., Cuthbert, S., … & Reich, D. (2022). A high-resolution picture of kinship practices in an Early Neolithic tomb. Nature, 601(7894), 584-587.
Rivollat, M., Thomas, A., Ghesquière, E., Rohrlach, A. B., Späth, E., Pemonge, M. H., … & Deguilloux, M. F. (2022). Ancient DNA gives new insights into a Norman Neolithic monumental cemetery dedicated to male elites. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 119(18), e2120786119.
Dulias, K., Foody, M. G. B., Justeau, P., Silva, M., Martiniano, R., Oteo-García, G., … & Richards, M. B. (2022). Ancient DNA at the edge of the world: Continental immigration and the persistence of Neolithic male lineages in Bronze Age Orkney. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 119(8), e2108001119.
Ariano, B., Mattiangeli, V., Breslin, E. M., Parkinson, E. W., McLaughlin, T. R., Thompson, J. E., … & Bradley, D. G. (2022). Ancient Maltese genomes and the genetic geography of Neolithic Europe. Current Biology, 32(12), 2668-2680.
Freilich, S., Ringbauer, H., Los, D., Novak, M., Pavičić, D. T., Schiffels, S., & Pinhasi, R. (2021). Reconstructing genetic histories and social organisation in Neolithic and Bronze Age Croatia. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 16729.
Gnecchi-Ruscone, G. A., Szecsenyi-Nagy, A., Koncz, I., Csiky, G., Racz, Z., Rohrlach, A. B., … & Krause, J. (2022). Ancient genomes reveal origin and rapid trans-Eurasian migration of 7th century Avar elites. Cell, 185(8), 1402-1413.
Fernandes, D. M., Sirak, K. A., Ringbauer, H., Sedig, J., Rohland, N., Cheronet, O., … & Reich, D. (2021). A genetic history of the pre-contact Caribbean. Nature, 590(7844), 103-110.
Zhang, F., Ning, C., Scott, A., Fu, Q., Bjørn, R., Li, W., … & Cui, Y. (2021). The genomic origins of the Bronze Age Tarim Basin mummies. Nature, 599(7884), 256-261.
Skourtanioti, E., Ringbauer, H., Gnecchi Ruscone, G. A., Bianco, R. A., Burri, M., Freund, C., … & Stockhammer, P. W. (2023). Ancient DNA reveals admixture history and endogamy in the prehistoric Aegean. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 1-14.