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從生物學來看,我們的感覺以及感知是透過大腦的神經活動對應外界環境所產生表徵[1][2]。因此,美國哲學家、數學家與電腦科學家希拉里.普特南(Hilary Whitehall Putnam)就在《理性、真理和歷史》(Reason, Truth, and History)書中提出一個思想實驗,稱作缸中之腦(Brain in a vat),又或是桶中之腦(brain in a jar)。
橡膠手錯覺所帶來的身體轉移錯覺現象(body transfer illusion)說明了我們感受到的肉身其實只是大腦產生的一種假象,我們甚至能將自己的身體一部分移轉到虛擬的影像[9]上,讓自己出現類似靈魂出竅、遊離出身體的現象[10],又或是和別人身體交換的感覺[11]。這個現象也說明了在適當的實驗操作下,我們想要體驗莊周夢蝶是極有可能辦到的。
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