進一步分為四級(0-1罐、2-4罐、5-7罐、14罐或以上)所得到的結果相當明顯,隨著過去一週喝汽水的量越多,出現暴力行為以及攜帶刀槍的比例也隨之上昇。如果把每週喝0-1罐汽水的孩子,跟每週喝14罐或以上的孩子相比,每週喝14罐或以上的汽水的孩子,過去一年曾攜帶刀槍的比例高出20%(43% vs. 23%),過去一年曾有暴力行為的高出12%(27% vs. 15%);其中對同學或朋友施暴的比例高出23%(58% vs. 35%),對兄弟姊妹施暴的比例高出18%(43% vs. 25.4%)。
關於綠建築的標準,讓我們先回到 1990 年,當時英國建築研究機構(BRE)首次發布有關「建築研究發展環境評估工具(Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method,BREEAM®)」,是世界上第一個建築永續評估方法。美國則在綠建築委員會成立後,於 1998 年推出「能源與環境設計領導認證」(Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, LEED)這套評估系統,加速推動了全球綠建築行動。
在一對染色體中相對位置上的基因,就像並排的兩列火車,A 火車第三節車廂與 B 火車第三節車廂位置是一樣的,他們之間的關係也是決定基因表現的原因之一。這兩個基因便是大家聽過「等位基因」。它們造成的結果一如生物課本上大家都看過的例子:只考慮遺傳因素的情況下,若紅花是顯性基因,白花是隱性基因,且這個性狀是半顯性遺傳,那同時有顯性跟隱性基因的植物就會開出粉紅色的花。
[1] C. A. Anderson and B. J. Bushman, “Effects of Violent Video Games on Aggressive Behavior, Aggressive Cognition, Aggressive Affect, Physiological Arousal, and Prosocial Behavior: A Meta-Analytic Review of the Scientific Literature,” Psychol. Sci. Wiley-Blackwell, vol. 12, no. 5, p. 353, Sep. 2001.
[2] J. L. Sherry, “The effects of violent video games on aggression: A meta-analysis.,” Hum. Commun. Res., Jul. 2001.
[3] C. J. Ferguson, “Evidence for publication bias in video game violence effects literature: A meta-analytic review,” Aggress. Violent Behav., vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 470–482, Jul. 2007.
[4] C. A. Anderson, A. Shibuya, N. Ihori, E. L. Swing, B. J. Bushman, A. Sakamoto, H. R. Rothstein, and M. Saleem, “Violent Video Game Effects on Aggression, Empathy, and Prosocial Behavior in Eastern and Western Countries: A Meta-Analytic Review,” Psychol. Bull., vol. 136, no. 2, pp. 151–173, 2010.
[5] G. Hall, S. Hamby, and L. Hedges, “In keeping with the American Psychological Association’s (APA) mission to advance the development, communication, and application of psychological knowledge to benefit society, the Task Force on Violent Media was formed to review the 2005 APA Resolution on Violence in Video Games and Interactive Media and the related literature. The goal of the task force was to ensure that APA’s resolution on the topic continues to be informed by the best science.”
[6] C. J. Ferguson, “Do Angry Birds Make for Angry Children? A Meta-Analysis of Video Game Influences on Children’s and Adolescents’ Aggression, Mental Health, Prosocial Behavior, and Academic Performance,” Perspect. Psychol. Sci., vol. 10, no. 5, pp. 646–666, 2015.
[7] T. Greitemeyer and D. O. Mügge, “Video Games Do Affect Social Outcomes A Meta-Analytic Review of the Effects of Violent and Prosocial Video Game Play,” Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull., p. 146167213520459, Jan. 2014.
[8] S. Eden and Y. Eshet-Alkalai, “The Effect of Digital Games and Game Strategies on Young Adolescents’ Aggression,” J. Educ. Comput. Res., vol. 50, no. 4, pp. 449–466, Jun. 2014.
[9] J. A. Velez, T. Greitemeyer, J. L. Whitaker, D. R. Ewoldsen, and B. J. Bushman, “Violent Video Games and Reciprocity The Attenuating Effects of Cooperative Game Play on Subsequent Aggression,” Commun. Res., p. 93650214552519, Sep. 2014.
[10] C. R. Engelhardt, J. Hilgard, and B. D. Bartholow, “Acute exposure to difficult (but not violent) video games dysregulates cognitive control,” Comput. Hum. Behav., vol. 45, pp. 85–92, Apr. 2015.
[11] A. K. Przybylski, R. M. Ryan, and C. S. Rigby, “The Motivating Role of Violence in Video Games,” Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull., vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 243–259, Feb. 2009.
[12] J. Kneer, M. Elson, and F. Knapp, “Fight fire with rainbows: The effects of displayed violence, difficulty, and performance in digital games on affect, aggression, and physiological arousal,” Comput. Hum. Behav., vol. 54, pp. 142–148, Jan. 2016.
[13] Y. Jung, N. Park, and K. M. Lee, “Effects of Trait Hostility, Mapping Interface, and Character Identification on Aggressive Thoughts and Overall Game Experience After Playing a Violent Video Game,” Cyberpsychology Behav. Soc. Netw., vol. 18, no. 12, pp. 711–717, Dec. 2015.
[14] Zendle D, Cairns P, and Kudenko D, “Higher graphical fidelity decreases players’ access to aggressive concepts in violent video games,” presented at the CHI PLAY 2015 – Proceedings of the 2015 Annual Symposium on Computer-Human Interaction in Play.
[15] J. D. Sauer, A. Drummond, and N. Nova, “Violent video games: The effects of narrative context and reward structure on in-game and postgame aggression.,” J. Exp. Psychol. Appl., vol. 21, no. 3, p. 205, Sep. 2015.
[16] G. S. Yang, L. R. Huesmann, and B. J. Bushman, “Effects of playing a violent video game as male versus female avatar on subsequent aggression in male and female players,” Aggress. Behav., vol. 40, no. 6, pp. 537–541, Dec. 2014.
[17] G. S. Yang, B. Gibson, A. K. Lueke, L. R. Huesmann, and B. J. Bushman, “Effects of Avatar Race in Violent Video Games on Racial Attitudes and Aggression,” Soc. Psychol. Personal. Sci., p. 1948550614528008, Mar. 2014.
進一步分為四級(0-1罐、2-4罐、5-7罐、14罐或以上)所得到的結果相當明顯,隨著過去一週喝汽水的量越多,出現暴力行為以及攜帶刀槍的比例也隨之上昇。如果把每週喝0-1罐汽水的孩子,跟每週喝14罐或以上的孩子相比,每週喝14罐或以上的汽水的孩子,過去一年曾攜帶刀槍的比例高出20%(43% vs. 23%),過去一年曾有暴力行為的高出12%(27% vs. 15%);其中對同學或朋友施暴的比例高出23%(58% vs. 35%),對兄弟姊妹施暴的比例高出18%(43% vs. 25.4%)。