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布萊德利的實驗室和我的實驗室各自從那個時期的遺骸中取出古代 DNA,發現在草原血統抵達時,伊比利亞族群中有百分之三十受到取代,但是 Y 染色體受到取代的幅度更高:在我們的資料中,在具有顏那亞人血統的男性,有九成帶有來自草原的 Y 染色體類型,這種染色體之前未曾在伊比利亞出現過。顯然草原族群在擴張的時候,階級高低非常分明,而且權力分配極度不平衡。
權力累積代代相傳
對於「星團」的研究主要靠分析Y染色體和粒線體 DNA,那麼分析全基因組會有幫助嗎?
用全基因組資料可以重建出最近一萬年中絕大多數農業群體的祖先族群大小,發現到在這段期間族群增大了,看不出 Y 染色體所指出在青銅時代出現了瓶頸效應。那是只彙整 Y 染色體資料和粒線體 DNA 資料所看不出來的。
其實我們很清楚,用 Y 染色體是看不出來某些遺傳類型是否能夠更成功的傳到後代。理論上,我們可以用天擇來解釋,說有些 Y 染色體類型能夠讓攜帶者具有某些生物優勢,例如生育能力提高。