Berger, LR et al. (2015). Homo naledi, a new species of the genus Homo from the Dinaledi Chamber, South Africa. eLife
Dirks, PHGM et al. (2015) Geological and taphonomic evidence for deliberate body disposal by the primitive hominin species Homo naledi from the Dinaledi Chamber, South Africa. eLife
de León, M. S. P., Bienvenu, T., Marom, A., Engel, S., Tafforeau, P., Warren, J. L. A., … & Zollikofer, C. P. (2021). The primitive brain of early Homo. Science, 372(6538), 165-171.
另一方面,近幾年古代 DNA 研究的進展,也提供了幾個關鍵年代,像是尼安德塔人與丹尼索瓦人,彼此間的親緣關係要比智人更近,他們和智人分家的年代,至少有 40 多萬年,或許還超過 70 萬年 [4]。先不管比較神秘的丹尼索瓦人,至少我們知道,在分家以後,尼安德塔人於歐洲演化,智人則是在非洲發展。
尼安德塔人、丹尼索瓦人、智人,與胡瑟裂谷人四者,細胞核 DNA 間的親關係,與估計的分化年代。圖/改編自 ref 6
距今 43 萬年的胡瑟裂谷(Sima de los Huesos)化石,對了解尼安德塔人的演化至關重要。型態上,他們與後來的尼安德塔人有許多相似之處,特別是顏面部分;但臉以外的部位,卻同時配備一些更古早人種的特徵 [5]。由他們細胞核 DNA 建立的親戚關係,則能與尼安德塔人歸類為同一群 [6]。綜合已知證據,胡瑟裂谷人可以視為通往尼安德塔人支系(Neanderthal clade),處於初期,還沒那麼典型的階段。
成為智人以前
尼安德塔人與智人一定有個共同祖先,有人認為是海德堡人,卻也有人不同意。不過結合型態與 DNA 資訊,想必各位讀者已經注意到一段有趣的時間差:至少在 40 多萬年前,智人與尼安德塔人分家,卻要等到20萬年前,智人才正式出現。考量到人類必需一代傳一代,無法像美國隊長一樣冷凍保存,這段時間差就意謂我們的直系祖先,與尼安德塔人分家以後曾經有段期間,型態上仍尚未完全演變為智人。
Hublin, J. J., Ben-Ncer, A., Bailey, S. E., Freidline, S. E., Neubauer, S., Skinner, M. M., … & Gunz, P. (2017). New fossils from Jebel Irhoud (Morocco) and the Pan-African origin of Homo sapiens. Nature.
Richter et al., (2017). The age of the hominin fossils from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco, and the origins of the Middle Stone Age. Nature.
Prüfer, K., Racimo, F., Patterson, N., Jay, F., Sankararaman, S., Sawyer, S., … & Li, H. (2014). The complete genome sequence of a Neanderthal from the Altai Mountains. Nature, 505(7481), 43-49.
Arsuaga, J. L., Martínez, I., Arnold, L. J., Aranburu, A., Gracia-Téllez, A., Sharp, W. D., … & Carbonell, E. (2014). Neandertal roots: Cranial and chronological evidence from Sima de los Huesos. Science, 344(6190), 1358-1363.
Meyer, M., Arsuaga, J. L., de Filippo, C., Nagel, S., Aximu-Petri, A., Nickel, B., … & Viola, B. (2016). Nuclear DNA sequences from the Middle Pleistocene Sima de los Huesos hominins. Nature, 531(7595), 504-507.
Rightmire, G. P. (2009). Middle and later Pleistocene hominins in Africa and Southwest Asia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(38), 16046-16050.
Stringer, C. (2016). The origin and evolution of Homo sapiens. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B, 371(1698), 20150237.
Berger, L. R., Hawks, J., Dirks, P. H., Elliott, M., & Roberts, E. M. (2017). Homo naledi and Pleistocene hominin evolution in subequatorial Africa. eLife, 6, e24234.
儘管分類為 Homo,納萊迪人有些型態特徵卻更類似南猿(Australopithecus),特別是屬於身體核心的部位,像是肩膀和骨盆;而身體外圍,如四肢的構造,還有整體身高,則與人類相似。納萊迪人全身上下,最令人吃驚的大概是腦容量,是只介於 465 到 560 cc 間的南猿等級。所有已知 Homo 中腦袋一樣小的,只有佛洛勒斯人(Homo floresiensis),可是佛洛勒斯人是住在離非洲很遠,東南亞外海的佛洛勒斯島上;納萊迪人卻是住在南非,人類演化的大本營。
「孩子,我爺爺告訴過我,在他小時候,曾經有很多長得很像我們的吱吱(?),搶他們的果果超有成就感,是一種轉大人的儀式,可惜最近他們都不見惹。」……以上情節,純屬虛構,如有雷同,純屬巧合。圖/ Margaret A. McIntyre – “The cave boy of the age of stone”[1], Public Domain, wikimedia commons
Berger, LR et al. (2015). Homo naledi, a new species of the genus Homo from the Dinaledi Chamber, South Africa. eLife
Dirks, PHGM et al. (2015) Geological and taphonomic evidence for deliberate body disposal by the primitive hominin species Homo naledi from the Dinaledi Chamber, South Africa. eLife
Dirks, P. H., Roberts, E. M., Hilbert-Wolf, H., Kramers, J. D., Hawks, J., Dosseto, A., … & Hellstrom, J. (2017). The age of Homo naledi and associated sediments in the Rising Star Cave, South Africa. eLife, 6, e24231.
Hawks, J., Elliott, M., Schmid, P., Churchill, S. E., de Ruiter, D. J., Roberts, E. M., … & Feuerriegel, E. M. (2017). New fossil remains of Homo naledi from the Lesedi Chamber, South Africa. eLife, 6, e24232.
Berger, L. R., Hawks, J., Dirks, P. H., Elliott, M., & Roberts, E. M. (2017). Homo naledi and Pleistocene hominin evolution in subequatorial Africa. eLife, 6, e24234.