先前的研究顯示哺乳有益於提高孩童的部分智商,但巴西佩洛塔斯聯邦大學(Federal University of Pelotas)的貝爾納多.萊薩.霍塔博士(Bernardo Lessa Horta)想要進一步知道,哺乳是否也能使寶寶轉化成一個更具有智慧和前景的成人。他表示:「我們的研究首次證實了長期哺乳的影響,不只對至少30歲前的智商有助益,在個人以及社會方面都有助於提升教育程度和薪資所得。」
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這個研究始於1982年,寶寶的母親並非都出身富裕或受過良好教育,哺乳這個行為並不限於有社經地位的人,而是均勻地分布在社會各個階層,因此這些30歲較有成就的人並不受背景條件的限制。這份研究發表於醫學期刊《柳葉刀-全球衛生》(The Lancet Global Health),研究考慮了許多因素如:寶寶出生時的家庭收入、父母的教育程度、基因血統、懷孕時母親是否吸菸、出生體重和分娩方式等,試圖避免可能會影響結果的因素。
Victora, C. G., Horta, B. L., Loret de Mola, C., Quevedo, L., Pinheiro, R. T., Gigante, D. P., Gonçalves, H. Barros, F. C. (2015). Association between breastfeeding and intelligence, educational attainment, and income at 30 years of age: a prospective birth cohort study from Brazil. Lancet Glob Health, 3(4), 199–205
這次要介紹的羅徹斯特大學醫學中心(URMC)神經科學研究所(Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience)的成果就是其中之一,他們這次提出的新證據是與認知能力有關,而且他們的結論應該會讓人眼睛一亮,因為他們發現,母乳哺育的時間長短與 9-10 歲兒童的部分認知發展有關連,而且只要孩子有吃母乳一段時間就可以看出差異[1]。
Lopez, D. A., Foxe, J. J., Mao, Y., Thompson, W. K., Martin, H. J., & Freedman, E. G. (2021). Breastfeeding Duration Is Associated With Domain-Specific Improvements in Cognitive Performance in 9-10-Year-Old Children. Frontiers in public health, 9, 657422. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.657422
Walfisch, A., Sermer, C., Cressman, A., & Koren, G. (2013). Breast milk and cognitive development–the role of confounders: a systematic review. BMJ open, 3(8), e003259. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2013-003259
Natland ST, Andersen LF, Nilsen TI, Forsmo S, Jacobsen GW. Maternal recall of breastfeeding duration twenty years after delivery. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2012 Nov 23;12:179. doi: 10.1186/1471-2288-12-179. PMID: 23176436; PMCID: PMC3568415.
Shi, H., Yang, Y., Yin, X. et al. Determinants of exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months in China: a cross-sectional study. Int Breastfeed J 16, 40 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13006-021-00388-y
Reverri E, et al. Review of the Clinical Experiences of Feeding Infants Formula Containing the Human Milk Oligosaccharide 2’-Fucosyllactose, Nutrients 2018, 10 (10), 1346
Marriage BJ, et al. Infants fed a lower calorie formula with 2’-FL show growth and 2’-FL uptake like breastfed infants. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2015;61(6):649-6583. Yau, KIT, et al. Effect of Nucleotides on Diarrhea and Immune Responses in Healthy Term Infants in Taiwan, Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 2003; 36 (1) : 37 – 42
Jaz & Rubino. Impact of infectious disease on cognitive development in childhood and beyond: potential mitigational role of hygiene. The Open infectious Diseases Journal. 2012.6.65 – 702.
Reverri E, et al. Review of the Clinical Experiences of Feeding Infants Formula Containing the Human Milk Oligosaccharide 2′-Fucosyllactose Nutrients. 2018; 10 (10).