圖/By Jeffrey M. Vinocur – Own work, CC BY 2.5, wikipedia.
科學數據能告訴我們的是,在萊克多巴胺以動物用藥上市前,其實經過一連串完整的毒理試驗。曾擔任行政院食安辦公室主任的台大醫學院毒理研究所教授康照洲說,「萊克多巴胺幾乎所有(該做的)毒性(測驗)都做完了」。依據 WHO 食品添加物的資料顯示,萊克多巴胺曾做過口服單一劑量毒性試驗、體外與活體的基因毒性試驗、多種實驗動物物種,每日連續口服最長一年的重複劑量毒性試驗、二世代生殖毒性試驗、致癌性研究試驗、心血管反應的特殊毒理試驗等。
美加日各國依據自己不同的國情,對萊克多巴胺有不同的標準,目前 WHO 下設的風險評估單位 JECFA ( Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives,食品添加劑聯合專家委員會),對萊克多巴胺設定的 ADI 標準是一天 1 毫克/公斤體重(mg/kg),也是普遍被台灣政府拿來計算的數值。「台灣可以建立屬於自己的攝取量標準」,曾協助政府參與美國狂牛症牛肉風險評估報告、以食安立委頭銜進入立法院的民進黨立委吳焜裕強調,要求零風險基本上不太可能,重點是如何讓這樣的風險控制在可接受範圍內。
Ammerman, N. C., Beier-Sexton, M., & Azad, A. F. (2008). Laboratory maintenance of Rickettsia rickettsii. Current protocols in microbiology, Chapter 3, Unit–3A.5.
Silverman, D. J. (1991). Some Contributions of Electron Microscopy to the Study of the Rickettsiae. European Journal of Epidemiology, 7(3), 200–206.
Gracie, D. J., Williams, C. J., Sood, R., Mumtaz, S., Bholah, M. H., Hamlin, P. J., et al. (2017). Negative effects on psychological health and quality of life of genuine irritable bowel syndrome–type symptoms in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 15, 376–384. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.cgh.2016.05.012
van Langenberg, D. R., & Gibson, P. R. (2010). Systematic review: Fatigue in inflammatory bowel disease. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 32, 131–143.
D’Silva, A., Fox, D. E., Nasser, Y., Vallance, J. K., Quinn, R. R., Ronksley, P. E., & Raman, M. (2022). Prevalence and risk factors for fatigue in adults with inflammatory bowel disease: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology: the official clinical practice. journal of the American Gastroenterological Association, 20(5), 995–1009.e7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2021.06.034
Van Langenberg, D. R., Yelland, G. W., Robinson, S. R., and Gibson, P. R. (2017). Cognitive impairment in Crohn’s disease is associated with systemic inflammation, symptom burden and sleep disturbance. United European Gastroenterology Journal, 5, 579–587. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050640616663397
Ng, J. Y., Chauhan, U., Armstrong, D., Marshall, J., Tse, F., Moayyedi, P., et al. (2018). A comparison of the prevalence of anxiety and depression between uncomplicated and complex Ibd patient groups. Gastroenterology Nursing, 41, 427–435. https://doi.org/10.1097/ SGA.0000000000000338
Tremlett, H., Bauer, K. C., Appel-Cresswell, S., Finlay, B. B., & Waubant, E. (2017). The gut microbiome in human neurological disease: a review. Annals of Neurology, 81, 369–382. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.24901
Vogt, N. M., Kerby, R. L., Dill-Mcfarland, K. A., Harding, S. J., Merluzzi, A. P., Johnson, S. C., et al. (2017). Gut microbiome alterations in Alzheimer’s disease. Scientific Reports, 7, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-13601-y
Haran, J. P., Bhattarai, S. K., Foley, S. E., Dutta, P., Ward, D. V., Bucci, V., et al. (2019). Alzheimer’s disease microbiome is associated with dysregulation of the anti- inflammatory P-glycoprotein pathway. mBio, 10, e00632–e00619. https://doi.org/10.1128/ mBio.00632-19
Romano, S., Savva, G. M., Bedarf, J. R., Charles, I. G., Hildebrand, F., & Narbad, A. (2021). Meta-analysis of the Parkinson’s disease gut microbiome suggests alterations linked to intestinal inflammation. npj Parkinson’s Disease, 7, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41531-021-00156-z
Ohgami, N., Ida-Eto, M., Shimotake, T., Sakashita, N., Sone, M., Nakashima, T., et al. (2010). C-ret–mediated hearing loss in mice with Hirschsprung disease. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107, 13051–13056. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1004520107
Denton, A. J., Godur, D. A., Mittal, J., Bencie, N. B., Mittal, R., & Eshraghi, A. A. (2022). Recent advancements in understanding the gut microbiome and the inner ear Axis. Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America, 55, 1125–1137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.otc.2022.07.002
Graham et al., 2023 Graham, A. S., Ben-Azu, B., Tremblay, M. È., Torre, P., 3rd, Senekal, M., Laughton, B., van der Kouwe, A., Jankiewicz, M., Kaba, M., & Holmes, M. J. (2023). A review of the auditory-gut-brain axis. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 17, 1183694. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2023.1183694
Kociszewska, D., & Vlajkovic, S. M. (2022). The association of inflammatory gut diseases with neuroinflammatory and auditory disorders. Frontiers in Bioscience-Elite, 14:8. https://doi.org/10.31083/j.fbe1402008
Megantara, I., Wikargana, G. L., Dewi, Y. A., Permana, A. D., & Sylviana, N. (2022). The role of gut Dysbiosis in the pathophysiology of tinnitus: a literature review. International Tinnitus Journal, 26, 27–41. https://doi.org/10.5935/0946-5448.20220005
Breit, S., Kupferberg, A., Rogler, G., and Hasler, G. (2018). Vagus nerve as modulator of the brain–gut axis in psychiatric and inflammatory disorders. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 9:44. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00044
Mion, F., Pellissier, S., Garros, A., Damon, H., Roman, S., and Bonaz, B. (2020). Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: a pilot, open-label study. Bioelectronics in Medicine, 3, 5–12. https://doi.org/10.2217/ bem-2020-0004
Lehtimäki, J., Hyvärinen, P., Ylikoski, M., Bergholm, M., Mäkelä, J. P., Aarnisalo, A., et al. (2013). Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation in tinnitus: a pilot study. Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 133, 378–382. https://doi.org/10.3109/00016489.2012.750736
Ylikoski, J., Markkanen, M., Pirvola, U., Lehtimäki, J. A., Ylikoski, M., Jing, Z., et al. (2020). Stress and tinnitus; transcutaneous auricular vagal nerve stimulation attenuates tinnitus-triggered stress reaction. Frontiers in Psychology, 11:2442. https://doi.org/10.3389/ fpsyg.2020.570196
Fousekis, F. S., Saridi, M., Albani, E., Daniel, F., Katsanos, K. H., Kastanioudakis, I. G., et al. (2018). Ear involvement in inflammatory bowel disease: a review of the literature. Journal of Clinical Medicine Research, 10(8), 609–614. https://doi.org/10.14740/jocmr3465w
Karmody, C. S., Valdez, T. A., Desai, U., & Blevins, N. H. (2009). Sensorineural hearing loss in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. American Journal of Otolaryngology, 30, 166–170.
Akbayir, N., Çaliş, A. B., Alkim, C., Sökmen, H. M. M., Erdem, L., Özbal, A., et al. (2005). Sensorineural hearing loss in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: A subclinical extraintestinal manifestation. Digestive Diseases and Sciences, 50, 1938–1945. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s10620-005-2964-3
Wang, W., Zhang, L. S., Zinsmaier, A. K., Patterson, G., Leptich, E. J., Shoemaker, S. L., et al. (2019). Neuroinflammation mediates noise-induced synaptic imbalance and tinnitus in rodent models. PLoS Biology, 17:e3000307. https://doi.org/10.1371/ journal.pbio.3000307
Niu, J., Xu, H., Zeng, G. et al. (2023). Music-based interventions in the feeding environment on the gut microbiota of mice. Scientific Reports, 13, 6313. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-33522-3