Epley, N., & Schroeder, J. (2014). Mistakenly seeking solitude. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 143(5), 1980.
Zelenski, J. M., Whelan, D. C., Nealis, L. J., Besner, C. M., Santoro, M. S., & Wynn, J. E. (2013). Personality and affective forecasting: Trait introverts underpredict the hedonic benefits of acting extraverted. Journal of personality and social psychology, 104(6), 1092.
這些研究看似搞笑,有什麼意義呢?不少人類學家、民族學家、考古學家,歷史學家做研究時,會接觸藥物與儀式,卻時常缺乏足夠的藥學知識,對於目的、用法、用量、效果等問題無法深入探討。人類學家 David J. Minderhout 在 1987 年的書評提到,德史密特以藥理學的視角切入,能彌補人類學、民族學的不足,對藥用植物感興趣的人,這類研究頗有參考價值。
Gesa Berretz, Chantal Cebula, Blanca Maria Wortelmann, Panagiota Papadopoulou, Oliver T. Wolf, Sebastian Ocklenburg, Julian Packheiser. Romantic partner embraces reduce cortisol release after acute stress induction in women but not in men. PLOS ONE, 2022; 17 (5): e0266887 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266887
Packheiser J, Berretz G, Rook N, Bahr C, Schockenhoff L, Güntürkün O, et al. Investigating real-life emotions in romantic couples: a mobile EEG study. Scientific reports. 2020; 11.
Dueren AL, Vafeiadou A, Edgar C, Banissy MJ. The influence of duration, arm crossing style, gender, and emotional closeness on hugging behaviour. Acta Psychologica. 2021; 221:103441. Epub 2021/11/02. pmid:34739902.
Light KC, Grewen KM, Amico JA. More frequent partner hugs and higher oxytocin levels are linked to lower blood pressure and heart rate in premenopausal women. Biological psychology. 2005; 69:5–21. pmid:15740822
van Raalte LJ, Floyd K. Daily hugging predicts lower levels of two proinflammatory cytokines. Western Journal of Communication. 2020:1–20.
Ocklenburg S, Malek IM, Reichart JS, Katona L, Luhmann M, Packheiser J. Give me a hug–More frequent everyday embracing is associated with better daily mood in lonely individuals. 2021.
Cohen S, Janicki-Deverts D, Turner RB, Doyle WJ. Does hugging provide stress-buffering social support? A study of susceptibility to upper respiratory infection and illness. Psychological science. 2015; 26:135–47. pmid:25526910
Gimpl G, Fahrenholz F. The oxytocin receptor system: structure, function, and regulation. Physiol Rev. 2001; 81:629–83. pmid:11274341.
Russo V, Ottaviani C, Spitoni GF. Affective touch: A meta-analysis on sex differences. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 2020; 108:445–52.
Portnova GV, Proskurnina EV, Sokolova SV, Skorokhodov IV, Varlamov AA. Perceived pleasantness of gentle touch in healthy individuals is related to salivary oxytocin response and EEG markers of arousal. Experimental Brain Research. 2020; 238:2257–68. pmid:32719908
我想要找出箇中原因,而找尋答案的最佳地點就是建造網站的業務部門,這個部門配備將近兩百名員工,承包商和屋主在工地需要即時的建議時,就是由這些業務員接聽電話、提供服務。我找到一個適合深入研究的人選:瑪莉.海倫.史密絲(Mary Helen Smith),內華達大學雷諾分校(University of Nevada, Reno)的英語系畢業生,後來改行當業務員。