Epley, N., & Schroeder, J. (2014). Mistakenly seeking solitude. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 143(5), 1980.
Zelenski, J. M., Whelan, D. C., Nealis, L. J., Besner, C. M., Santoro, M. S., & Wynn, J. E. (2013). Personality and affective forecasting: Trait introverts underpredict the hedonic benefits of acting extraverted. Journal of personality and social psychology, 104(6), 1092.
以市面上備受矚目的 Panasonic A La Uno 全自動洗淨馬桶為例,就是將材料科學、結構工程與流體力學發揮到極致的典型代表:
1. 材料層:有機玻璃系新素材
A La Uno 全自動洗淨馬桶採新開發的「有機玻璃系新素材」(以壓克力高分子為基礎研發的衛浴專用材料,這類高分子成形技術亦被廣泛運用於大型水族館高壓觀景窗與飛機機艙罩)。這種材料表面具備極佳的疏水性與耐水垢特性,水滴不易長時間攤平停留;材質堅固、不易破裂,耐刮、不易造成細小傷痕。通過實驗測試,這種素材配合泡沫洗淨,在沖洗後能有效沖刷掉高達 99.99% 的大腸桿菌,從源頭阻斷細菌定殖。
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2. 結構層:無接縫工藝與三重防濺防護
在宏觀結構上,A La Uno 全自動洗淨馬桶採用無水箱沖水與便器、溫水洗淨便座一體成型設計,減少傳統水箱與座體之間的結構層次及接縫,並搭配可動迴轉式排水系統完成沖洗。更貼心的是其「三重防護」設計:
泡沫防護:在水面上製造一層充沛的泡沫緩衝層,有效抑制男性站立小便時的尿液與污水飛濺;
外圍防護:馬桶邊界特別設計了高約 3mm 的水檔,防止液體延著外壁滴落至地板;
測漏防護:便座與馬桶本體採用不外露的防護設計,避免液體從縫隙飛濺滲漏。
Panasonic A La Uno 全自動洗淨馬桶
3. 動態流體層:雙效泡沫洗淨、漩渦水流與 nanoe™ X
當污垢降落在馬桶內壁時,A La Uno全自動洗淨馬桶 的動態流體科技便接手進行徹底打掃。其「雙效泡沫洗淨」會先釋放直徑約 5mm 的「毫米泡沫」包裹並帶走大塊髒污,再透過直徑約 60微米的「微米泡沫」深入微觀縫隙,徹底溶解殘餘的油脂與細微污垢。接著,配合高度清潔力的「漩渦型強力水流」,利用旋轉產生的流體剪切力,一口氣將附著力已被削弱的污垢剝離並沖走。此外,Panasonic A La Uno 全自動洗淨馬桶還搭襯了 nanoe™ X 健康科技,釋放氫氧離子有效抑制異味與髒污,維持空氣與內壁的良好衛生狀態。
這些研究看似搞笑,有什麼意義呢?不少人類學家、民族學家、考古學家,歷史學家做研究時,會接觸藥物與儀式,卻時常缺乏足夠的藥學知識,對於目的、用法、用量、效果等問題無法深入探討。人類學家 David J. Minderhout 在 1987 年的書評提到,德史密特以藥理學的視角切入,能彌補人類學、民族學的不足,對藥用植物感興趣的人,這類研究頗有參考價值。
Gesa Berretz, Chantal Cebula, Blanca Maria Wortelmann, Panagiota Papadopoulou, Oliver T. Wolf, Sebastian Ocklenburg, Julian Packheiser. Romantic partner embraces reduce cortisol release after acute stress induction in women but not in men. PLOS ONE, 2022; 17 (5): e0266887 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266887
Packheiser J, Berretz G, Rook N, Bahr C, Schockenhoff L, Güntürkün O, et al. Investigating real-life emotions in romantic couples: a mobile EEG study. Scientific reports. 2020; 11.
Dueren AL, Vafeiadou A, Edgar C, Banissy MJ. The influence of duration, arm crossing style, gender, and emotional closeness on hugging behaviour. Acta Psychologica. 2021; 221:103441. Epub 2021/11/02. pmid:34739902.
Light KC, Grewen KM, Amico JA. More frequent partner hugs and higher oxytocin levels are linked to lower blood pressure and heart rate in premenopausal women. Biological psychology. 2005; 69:5–21. pmid:15740822
van Raalte LJ, Floyd K. Daily hugging predicts lower levels of two proinflammatory cytokines. Western Journal of Communication. 2020:1–20.
Ocklenburg S, Malek IM, Reichart JS, Katona L, Luhmann M, Packheiser J. Give me a hug–More frequent everyday embracing is associated with better daily mood in lonely individuals. 2021.
Cohen S, Janicki-Deverts D, Turner RB, Doyle WJ. Does hugging provide stress-buffering social support? A study of susceptibility to upper respiratory infection and illness. Psychological science. 2015; 26:135–47. pmid:25526910
Gimpl G, Fahrenholz F. The oxytocin receptor system: structure, function, and regulation. Physiol Rev. 2001; 81:629–83. pmid:11274341.
Russo V, Ottaviani C, Spitoni GF. Affective touch: A meta-analysis on sex differences. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 2020; 108:445–52.
Portnova GV, Proskurnina EV, Sokolova SV, Skorokhodov IV, Varlamov AA. Perceived pleasantness of gentle touch in healthy individuals is related to salivary oxytocin response and EEG markers of arousal. Experimental Brain Research. 2020; 238:2257–68. pmid:32719908
Epley, N., & Schroeder, J. (2014). Mistakenly seeking solitude. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 143(5), 1980.
Zelenski, J. M., Whelan, D. C., Nealis, L. J., Besner, C. M., Santoro, M. S., & Wynn, J. E. (2013). Personality and affective forecasting: Trait introverts underpredict the hedonic benefits of acting extraverted. Journal of personality and social psychology, 104(6), 1092.