Epley, N., & Schroeder, J. (2014). Mistakenly seeking solitude. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 143(5), 1980.
Zelenski, J. M., Whelan, D. C., Nealis, L. J., Besner, C. M., Santoro, M. S., & Wynn, J. E. (2013). Personality and affective forecasting: Trait introverts underpredict the hedonic benefits of acting extraverted. Journal of personality and social psychology, 104(6), 1092.
不管是大型電腦或個人電腦都需具有「中央處理單元」(central process unit,簡稱 CPU)。CPU 是電腦的「腦」,其電子電路負責處理所有軟體正確運作所需的所有任務,如算術、邏輯、控制、輸入和輸出操作等等。雖然早期的設計即可以讓一個指令同時做兩、三件不同的工作;但為了簡單化,我們在這裡所談的工作將只是執行算術和邏輯運算的工作(arithmetic and logic unit,簡稱 ALU),如將兩個數加在一起。在這一簡化的定義下,CPU 在任何一個時刻均只能執行一件工作而已。
-----廣告,請繼續往下閱讀-----
在個人電腦剛出現只能用於一般事物的處理時,CPU 均能非常勝任地完成任務。但電腦圖形和動畫的出現帶來了第一批運算密集型工作負載後,CPU 開始顯示心有餘而力不足:例如電玩動畫需要應用程式處理數以萬計的像素(pixel),每個像素都有自己的顏色、光強度、和運動等, 使得 CPU 根本沒辦法在短時間內完成這些工作。於是出現了主機板上之「顯示插卡」來支援補助 CPU。
這些研究看似搞笑,有什麼意義呢?不少人類學家、民族學家、考古學家,歷史學家做研究時,會接觸藥物與儀式,卻時常缺乏足夠的藥學知識,對於目的、用法、用量、效果等問題無法深入探討。人類學家 David J. Minderhout 在 1987 年的書評提到,德史密特以藥理學的視角切入,能彌補人類學、民族學的不足,對藥用植物感興趣的人,這類研究頗有參考價值。
Gesa Berretz, Chantal Cebula, Blanca Maria Wortelmann, Panagiota Papadopoulou, Oliver T. Wolf, Sebastian Ocklenburg, Julian Packheiser. Romantic partner embraces reduce cortisol release after acute stress induction in women but not in men. PLOS ONE, 2022; 17 (5): e0266887 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266887
Packheiser J, Berretz G, Rook N, Bahr C, Schockenhoff L, Güntürkün O, et al. Investigating real-life emotions in romantic couples: a mobile EEG study. Scientific reports. 2020; 11.
Dueren AL, Vafeiadou A, Edgar C, Banissy MJ. The influence of duration, arm crossing style, gender, and emotional closeness on hugging behaviour. Acta Psychologica. 2021; 221:103441. Epub 2021/11/02. pmid:34739902.
Light KC, Grewen KM, Amico JA. More frequent partner hugs and higher oxytocin levels are linked to lower blood pressure and heart rate in premenopausal women. Biological psychology. 2005; 69:5–21. pmid:15740822
van Raalte LJ, Floyd K. Daily hugging predicts lower levels of two proinflammatory cytokines. Western Journal of Communication. 2020:1–20.
Ocklenburg S, Malek IM, Reichart JS, Katona L, Luhmann M, Packheiser J. Give me a hug–More frequent everyday embracing is associated with better daily mood in lonely individuals. 2021.
Cohen S, Janicki-Deverts D, Turner RB, Doyle WJ. Does hugging provide stress-buffering social support? A study of susceptibility to upper respiratory infection and illness. Psychological science. 2015; 26:135–47. pmid:25526910
Gimpl G, Fahrenholz F. The oxytocin receptor system: structure, function, and regulation. Physiol Rev. 2001; 81:629–83. pmid:11274341.
Russo V, Ottaviani C, Spitoni GF. Affective touch: A meta-analysis on sex differences. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 2020; 108:445–52.
Portnova GV, Proskurnina EV, Sokolova SV, Skorokhodov IV, Varlamov AA. Perceived pleasantness of gentle touch in healthy individuals is related to salivary oxytocin response and EEG markers of arousal. Experimental Brain Research. 2020; 238:2257–68. pmid:32719908