美國堪薩斯大學(University of Kansas)醫學中心神經學副教授崔仁英(In-Young Choi),以及飲食學暨營養學教授兼系主任黛布拉.蘇利文(Debra Sullivan),在《美國臨床營養學雜誌》(The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition)共同發表了一項研究,對於牛奶如何影響人體提出了新的看法。蘇利文認為牛奶除了對骨質和肌肉十分重要外,對大腦可能也一樣重要。
Choi, I. Y., Lee, P., Denney, D. R., Spaeth, K., Nast, O., Roth, A. K., … & Sullivan, D. K. (2015). Dairy intake is associated with brain glutathione concentration in older adults. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, ajcn-096701.
裸蓋菇素的研究引起了美國中央情報局 CIA 的注意,不過不是因為什麼違法亂紀的問題,而是他們⋯⋯也想「瞭解更多」!1950年代 CIA 有項名為 MK-Ultra 2 的精神控制計畫,希望找到一些可以作為吐真劑、審訊和行為操縱工具的潛力藥物。他們的實驗藥物包括裸蓋菇素、迷幻藥 LSD、嗎啡、海洛因、一種萃取自仙人掌的致幻劑麥斯卡林等,並在監獄、醫院、學校,甚至從巧立名目的慈善基金會裡招募試驗對象。3
Single-dose psilocybin for treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder: A case report – PMC (nih.gov)↩︎
Single-dose psilocybin-assisted therapy in major depressive disorder: a placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomised clinical trial – eClinicalMedicine (thelancet.com)↩︎
Percentage of Heavy Drinking Days Following Psilocybin-Assisted Psychotherapy vs Placebo in the Treatment of Adult Patients With Alcohol Use Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial | Substance Use and Addiction Medicine | JAMA Psychiatry | JAMA Network↩︎
Long-term Follow-up of Psilocybin-facilitated Smoking Cessation – PMC (nih.gov)↩︎
Frontiers | Persisting Reductions in Cannabis, Opioid, and Stimulant Misuse After Naturalistic Psychedelic Use: An Online Survey (frontiersin.org)↩︎
另外,研究團隊從西北紀念醫院(Northwestern Memorial Hospital),取得腹部整形手術(abdominoplasty)割除的人體皮膚。處理過後,放在培養皿裏頭,以氮芥進行破壞,再測試合成黑色素顆粒的療效。SMPLo顯然有清除受損組織,並預防水泡的功能;而SMPHi的表現不如預期,或許是因為採用的組織,缺乏完整的免疫系統支援,並不代表正常運作的情況。整體而言,研究團隊仍然認為高表面積的合成黑色素顆粒,對傷口復原的效果會比較好。[3]
成立公司
研究抗紫外線的初衷,促成了可以防曬、抗老、療傷迅速,甚至可能保護放射線治療病患的超級黑色素。他們受美國國防部(Department of Defense)及國家衛生研究院(National Institutes of Health)贊助,其他相關研究,還包括用黑色素染色的軍服,來吸收神經毒氣等。[1]最近西北大學團隊已經成立公司,在持續測試產品效果的同時,打算將超級黑色素商業化,[2]希望能造福大眾。[2, 6]
Greyson, B. (2000). Near-death experiences. In E. Cardeña, S. J. Lynn, & S. Krippner (Eds.), Varieties of anomalous experience: Examining the scientific evidence (pp. 315–352). American Psychological Association.
Chawla, L. S., Akst, S., Junker, C., Jacobs, B., and Seneff, M. G. (2009). Surges of electroencephalogram activity at the time of death: a case series. J. Palliat. Med. 12, 1095–1100. doi: 10.1089/jpm.2009.0159
Borjigin, J., Lee, U. C., Liu, T., Pal, D., Huff, S., Klarr, D., et al. (2013). Surge of neurophysiological coherence and connectivity in the dying brain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 110, 14432–14437. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1308285110
Vicente R, Rizzuto M, Sarica C, Yamamoto K, Sadr M, Khajuria T, Fatehi M, Moien-Afshari F, Haw CS, Llinas RR, Lozano AM, Neimat JS and Zemmar A (2022) Enhanced Interplay of Neuronal Coherence and Coupling in the Dying Human Brain. Front. Aging Neurosci. 14:813531. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.813531
Xu G, Mihaylova T, Li D, Tian F, Farrehi PM, Parent JM, Mashour GA, Wang MM, Borjigin J. Surge of neurophysiological coupling and connectivity of gamma oscillations in the dying human brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2023 May 9;120(19):e2216268120. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2216268120.