為有效綜合評估人在各種自然物理因子的影響下,對環境的溫度舒適度感受,丹麥Ole Fanger在1972年便藉由1,300多位受試者的實驗,透過統計分析找出各項可能影響熱舒適度的影響因子,建立衡量熱舒適度的公式,包含預測平均表決(predicted mean vote, PMV),以及預測不滿意百分比(predicted percentage of dissatisfied, PPD),而其所考慮的多項影響因子中,人體的活動量是主要因素。
Lan, L., Pan, L., Lian, Z., Huang, H., & Lin, Y. (2014). Experimental study on thermal comfort of sleeping people at different air temperatures. Building and Environment, 73, 24-31.
關於綠建築的標準,讓我們先回到 1990 年,當時英國建築研究機構(BRE)首次發布有關「建築研究發展環境評估工具(Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method,BREEAM®)」,是世界上第一個建築永續評估方法。美國則在綠建築委員會成立後,於 1998 年推出「能源與環境設計領導認證」(Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, LEED)這套評估系統,加速推動了全球綠建築行動。
年齡、肥胖、家族史、更年期、顱顏結構變異(如:口咽氣道狹窄)、吸菸、喝酒皆會增加 OSA 之易感性(vulnerability)[4]。肥胖(尤其頸圍較大,即脖子較粗者)為 OSA 的重要風險因子,由於脂肪沉積於周邊結構,上呼吸道的解剖構造受影響,因而增加氣道塌陷的可能 [2]。在高收入國家,OSA 的盛行率有逐漸升高之趨勢。
一般認為 OSA 問題根源為顱顏結構(craniofacial structure)或體脂肪造成對咽喉氣道的阻礙,導致呼吸道塌陷。清醒的時候,由於上呼吸道擴張肌的用力,呼吸道能保持暢通,一旦進入睡眠,肌肉活動減少,便造成氣道塌陷。
近年則發現氣道的解剖構造未能完全解釋 OSA 的發生 [6],必須也考量到呼吸系統控制的穩定性。當中樞呼吸輸出量增減時,上呼吸道擴張肌的活動也會隨之改變。中樞呼吸的驅動力較低時,上呼吸道擴張肌的活動力也隨之減少,氣道的阻力因而增高,因此較易塌陷。
如果要接受手術治療,應先確認其 OSA 是否為上呼吸道結構異常所導致,與醫師詳盡溝通,審慎考量手術之成功率與可能併發症再作決定。
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由於影響 OSA 的因素繁多,包括過重、睡眠習慣不佳、鼻塞、藥物的使用、酒精的攝取等。無論採取何種方式治療,都應同時考量這些疾病相關因子並適當介入,在治療 OSA 及改善睡眠品質上都將更有效益。
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