其實,剛剛談到的落差來自於「向上社會比較」(upward social comparisons)[5],類似的情形也可能出現在情侶身上。Sadie Leder-Elder博士的假說也指出,並不是每一個人都是英俊多金的格雷(Christian Grey)或美麗聰明的安娜(Anastasia),如果你總是習慣有意無意地拿另一半和舊情人、其他人的情人比較(或者你不是這樣,但他是愛比較的人),老是覺得別人的伴表現得比較好,那看完格雷之後,可能會有一種「被比下去的感覺」。
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同樣的,讓女性或少數族群擔綱過往由男性把持的英雄角色,也是在提供觀眾一種新的角色模板。例如哈利波特裡最聰明、能力最強的並不是被預言選上唯一能與佛地魔對抗的哈利,而是麻瓜出身的妙麗。先不討論作者 JK 羅琳近年與 LGBTQ 族群起的爭議,在 21 世紀初期,那位願意一拳揍上馬份鼻子、永遠是第一個想出困境解法的年輕女巫可是西方女性培力的代言人,成為許多年輕女孩嚮往與效仿的對象。
或許不是每部影視作品都能像哈利波特或迪士尼形塑一整個世代的社會風氣,又或者像人選之人這樣啟發前所未有的 Me Too 運動,但他們多少反映了我們現在身處的環境,同時為他的改變與延續做出一點貢獻。從這個角度去想,你會發現政治正確並不是現在才有的現象,而是從古至今一直都有的創作取向。而之所以「政治正確」會在現代引起如此大的爭議,其實還得歸功我們成功打破了刻板印象,以致於大家都有了「正確答案不只一種」的認知,這才會對與自身想法不同的答案表達質疑,不是嗎?
對了,你最近看過的戲劇作品中,哪些作品的性別呈現最深得你心呢?歡迎跟我們分享吧!我先說,我自己最愛的是《八尺門的辯護人》裡的 Leena 跟陳令秋,那你呢?
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波耳問奧本海默數學程度如何,並提醒他:「代數就像一本樂譜,重點不是你能否讀懂音樂,而是能否聽懂音樂。」(Algebra is like a sheet music. The important thing isn’t if you can read music; it’s if you can hear it.),波利亞的捷思法就是教我們如何聽懂音樂而不光是讀懂音樂。
這邊提個物理學家間的有趣討論,預告片中,由麥特戴蒙飾演的格羅夫斯少將問奧本海默,在 The Gadget 試爆的瞬間,世界有沒有可能就此毀滅,奧本海默回答「機率幾乎是零」。這件事其實是出自奧本海默與另一位物理學家康普頓的討論,他們想到,大氣中有許多氫氣、氦氣、氮氣等輕元素,核爆瞬間可能會因為高溫在大氣中引發核融合,甚至產生連鎖反應,連海水中的氫都發生爆炸,讓地球化為太陽,世界終結。奧本海默和其他科學家還實際嚴密計算,確認機率幾乎是零。
預告片中,格羅夫斯少將問奧本海默,在 The Gadget 試爆的瞬間,世界有沒有可能就此毀滅。圖/奧本海默電影預告
導演克里斯多福.諾蘭的最新大作《奧本海默》,改編自這本獲得普林斯頓獎的傳記「American prometheus The Triumph and Tragedy of J. Robert Oppenheimer 」,《奧本海默的真相與悲劇》,並冠上副標 American prometheus 美國普羅米修斯,象徵為人類取來原子之火。
電影原作書籍的兩位作者 Kai Bird 和 Martin J. Sherwin,雖然不是奧本海默的好友,但兩位都是歷史學家,也是政治、核武和冷戰的研究專家。書中從奧本海默小時候的成長與求學開始、講到他參與曼哈頓計畫與擔任洛斯阿拉莫斯國家實驗室主任、成為原子彈之父、受到政治迫害,最後獲得平反,鉅細靡遺地介紹了他的一生與心境變化。整本書花了 25 年完成,蒐集了成千上萬份收藏於美國國會圖書館,來自奧本海默的文件、以及 FBI 超過 25 年累積了數千頁的監控紀錄、還採訪了將近一百位熟悉奧本海默的密友、親戚與同事。光是聽以上的說明,就已經能想像其豐富又崎嶇的生活歷程了。