關於綠建築的標準,讓我們先回到 1990 年,當時英國建築研究機構(BRE)首次發布有關「建築研究發展環境評估工具(Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method,BREEAM®)」,是世界上第一個建築永續評估方法。美國則在綠建築委員會成立後,於 1998 年推出「能源與環境設計領導認證」(Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, LEED)這套評估系統,加速推動了全球綠建築行動。
味道(taste)是我們品嚐到食物中的「非揮發性」化學物質。我們熟悉的味道都有哪些?幾百年來,我們熟悉的4種味道是酸、甜、苦、鹹;而第五種味道——鮮味(Umami)也在1908年被日本科學家發現,並廣泛應用於食品工業和我們的日常生活中。現在,美國普渡大學的理查德·馬特(Richard D. Mattes)教授認為,除了上述五種味道,還有一種神秘的「第六味道」,它隱藏在已知的五種味道之中,卻在潛移默化地影響著我們對某一道菜的喜愛和胃口,且這種味道的發現和應用甚至可以影響我們的飲食和健康。
Cordelia A. Running, Bruce A. Craig, and Richard D. Mattes. Oleogustus: The Unique Taste of Fat. Chemical Senses, 2015, 1–10. doi:10.1093/chemse/bjv036
Angela Chale´-Rush, John R. Burgess and Richard D. Mattes. Evidence for Human Orosensory (Taste?) Sensitivity to Free Fatty Acids. Chem. Senses 32: 423–431, 2007 doi:10.1093/chemse/bjm007. Advance Access publication March 14, 2007
Stewart J, Newman LP, Keast RS: Oral Sensitivity To Oleic Acid Is Associated With Fat Intake And Body Mass Index. Clin Nutr 2011, 30:838–844.
Russell SJ Keast and Andrew Costanzo. Is fat the sixth taste primary? Evidence and implications. Keast and Costanzo Flavour 2015, 4:5
Keller KL, Liang LC, Sakimura J, May D, van Belle C, Breen C, Driggin E, Tepper BJ, Lanzano PC, Deng L, Chung WK: Common variants in the CD36 gene are associated with oral fat perception, fat preferences, and obesity in African Americans. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2012, 20(5):1066–1073.
Pepino MY, Love-Gregory L, Klein S, Abumrad NA: The Fatty Acid Translocase Gene CD36 And Lingual Lipase Influence Oral Sensitivity To Fat In Obese Subjects. J Lipid Res 2012, 53(3):561–566.