即便美國有機豬農樂於廣為宣傳他們在減藥甚至完全去藥上面的努力,美國農業部 (United States Department of Agriculture, USDA) 對有機豬農的宣傳與廣告內容卻有設定相當的限制,要求只能對特定藥物的減除做聲明、宣傳、以及標示,其中萊克多巴胺並不在允許標示與聲名的藥物範圍內。
換言之,美國有機豬農不得在產品上聲稱自己的肉豬不含萊克多巴胺。但是這樣的限制,在 2015 年被 USDA 放寬,開始承認有機豬農可以使用無萊克多巴胺 (Produced without ractopamine) 標示來聲明產品的品質。
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有趣的是,2016 年加拿大食品檢驗局 Canadian Food Inspection Agency 也跟進了這項做法,將無萊克多巴胺列入有機豬肉產品標示項目之一。從這個角度來說,全球兩大核準萊克多巴胺使用的肉豬生產國,其主管單位也認同不在肉豬身上使用萊克多巴胺這樣的做法,某種程度上是更好的選擇。
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Li N., Schinckel A., Preckel P., Foster K. and Richert B. Profitable use of ractopamine in hog production – economic evaluation using a pig growth model. 2002, Purdue University Swine Search Report 2002, 77-82.
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Mintert J., U.S. is a pork export powerhouse. 2020, Center for Commercial Agriculture, Purdue University. Data source: U.S. Department pf Agriculture
National Pork Board, U.S. pork exports set records in 2019. 2020. Data source: U.S. Department pf Agriculture and U.S. Meat Export Federation.
Young L., What is ractopamine, the drug banned in China but permitted in Canadian pork? 2019, Global News.
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European Union. 2020, Farm to Fork Strategy – For a fair, healthy and environmentally-friendly food system.
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Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). 2000, Procedures for recommending maximum residue limits-residues of veterinary drugs of veterinary drugs in food (1987-1999). Food and Agriculture Organization and World Health Organization.
European Union. 1996, Council Directive 96/22/EC of 29 April 1996 concerning the prohibition on the use in stockfarming of certain substances having a hormonal or thyrostatic action and of -agonists, and repealing Directives 81/602/EEC, 88/146/EEC and 88/299/EEC. Off. J. Eur. Union,L 125 of 23.5.1996, 3-9.
Salleras L., Dominguez A., Mata E., Taberner J., Moro I and Salva P. 1995, Epidemiologic study of an outbreak of clenbuterol poisoning in Catalonia, Spain. Public Health Rep. 110 (3) 338-342.
Ritter M., Johnson A., Benjamin M., Carr S., Ellis M., Faucitano L., Grandin T., Salak-Johnson J., Thomson D., Goldhawk C. and Calvo-Lorenzo M. 2017, Review: Effects of Ractopamine Hydrochloride (Paylean) on welfare indicators for market weight pigs. Transl. Anim. Sci. 1, 533-558.
ElancoTM, PayleanTM 45: Ractopamine hydrochloride Type A medicated article.
Wu M., Deng J., Chen Y., Chu W., Hung D. and Yang C. 2013, Late diagnosis of an outbreak of leanness-enhancing agent-related food poisoning. Am. J. Emerg. Med. 10:1501-1503.
Mersmann, H. Overview of the effects of β-adrenergic receptor agonists on animal growth including mechanisms of action. 1998, Journal of Animal Science, 76 (1), 160-172.
Li N., Schinckel A., Preckel P., Foster K. and Richert B. Profitable use of ractopamine in hog production – economic evaluation using a pig growth model. 2002, Purdue University Swine Search Report 2002, 77-82.
Bottemiller H., Dispute over drug in feed limits U.S. meat exports. 2012, Food & Environment Reporting Network.
Mintert J., U.S. is a pork export powerhouse. 2020, Center for Commercial Agriculture, Purdue University. Data source: U.S. Department pf Agriculture
National Pork Board, U.S. pork exports set records in 2019. 2020. Data source: U.S. Department pf Agriculture and U.S. Meat Export Federation.
Young L., What is ractopamine, the drug banned in China but permitted in Canadian pork? 2019, Global News.
Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board (AHDB), 2018 pig cost of production in selected countries.2020.
European Union. 2020, Farm to Fork Strategy – For a fair, healthy and environmentally-friendly food system.
Andrews F., Beeson W. and Johnson F. The Effects of Stilbestrol, Dienestrol, Testosterone and Progesterone on the Growth and Fattening of Beef Steers. 1954, Journal of Animal Science. 13 (1) 99-107.
Rose J. Carcinogenicity studies in animals relevant to the use of anabolic agents in animal production/ 1976 (5) 227-237.
European Union. 1988, Council Directive 88/299/EEC of 17 May 1988 on trade in animals treated with certain substances having a hormonal action and their meat, as referred to in Article 7 of Directive 88/146/EEC. Off. J. Eur. Union, L 128 of 21.5.1988, 36-38.
Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). 2000, Procedures for recommending maximum residue limits-residues of veterinary drugs of veterinary drugs in food (1987-1999). Food and Agriculture Organization and World Health Organization.
European Union. 1996, Council Directive 96/22/EC of 29 April 1996 concerning the prohibition on the use in stockfarming of certain substances having a hormonal or thyrostatic action and of -agonists, and repealing Directives 81/602/EEC, 88/146/EEC and 88/299/EEC. Off. J. Eur. Union,L 125 of 23.5.1996, 3-9.
Salleras L., Dominguez A., Mata E., Taberner J., Moro I and Salva P. 1995, Epidemiologic study of an outbreak of clenbuterol poisoning in Catalonia, Spain. Public Health Rep. 110 (3) 338-342.
Ritter M., Johnson A., Benjamin M., Carr S., Ellis M., Faucitano L., Grandin T., Salak-Johnson J., Thomson D., Goldhawk C. and Calvo-Lorenzo M. 2017, Review: Effects of Ractopamine Hydrochloride (Paylean) on welfare indicators for market weight pigs. Transl. Anim. Sci. 1, 533-558.
ElancoTM, PayleanTM 45: Ractopamine hydrochloride Type A medicated article.
Wu M., Deng J., Chen Y., Chu W., Hung D. and Yang C. 2013, Late diagnosis of an outbreak of leanness-enhancing agent-related food poisoning. Am. J. Emerg. Med. 10:1501-1503.