此外,聽損與否也可能會影響一個人大腦的結構與功能。美國約翰霍普金斯大學的研究人員 [10],利用「巴的摩爾老化長期研究(Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging)」的資料,針對聽損與腦容量的關係進行了一項有趣的研究,他們分析了一群受試者在逐漸老化時,其腦容量的變化。受試者在研究之初,做了聽力評估,接著接受為期長達十年、每年一次的核磁共振檢查。結果顯示,研究開始時就患有聽損的受試者,相較於聽常者,其大腦有較大幅度的萎縮,平均以每年一立方釐米以上的速度流失大腦組織,而這些大腦組織恰好與輕度認知功能退化和早期失智症所表現出的記憶衰退的行為有關 [11]。
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Liu, J., Zhang, X., Yu, C., Duan, Y., Zhuo, J., Cui, Y., … & Liu, Y. (2016). Impaired parahippocampus connectivity in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 49(4), 1051-1064.
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Maharani, A., Pendleton, N., & Leroi, I. (2019). Hearing impairment, loneliness, social isolation, and cognitive function: Longitudinal analysis using English longitudinal study on ageing. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 27(12), 1348-1356.
Lin, F. R., Metter, E. J., O’Brien, R. J., Resnick, S. M., Zonderman, A. B., & Ferrucci, L. (2011). Hearing loss and incident dementia. Archives of Neurology, 68(2), 214-220.
Paciello, F., Pisani, A., Rinaudo, M., Cocco, S., Paludetti, G., Fetoni, A. R., & Grassi, C. (2023). Noise-induced auditory damage affects hippocampus causing memory deficits in a model of early age-related hearing loss. Neurobiology of Disease, 178, 106024.
其實,在五官的感受中,嗅覺和記憶的關聯最深,幾乎所有談嗅覺的科普書,都會提到法國文學大師馬塞爾.普魯斯特(Marcel Proust,1871-1922)共計七卷的意識流小說經典——《追憶似水年華》(À la recherche du temps perdu)中的第一卷的開場,他用了整整四頁細緻地描述熱茶的餘韻和瑪德蓮的滋味,讓過往記憶歷歷在目。這本《嗅覺不思議:從變化中的氣味,到人類與各種生物驚人的氣味軼事,探索你不知道的嗅覺世界》(Smelling to Survive:The Amazing World of Our Sense of Smell)也不例外。