Ashe, E., Williams, R., Morton, A., & Hammond, P. S. (2021). Disentangling natural and anthropogenic forms of mortality and serious injury in a poorly studied pelagic dolphin. Frontiers in Marine Science, 8.
Kiszka, J., Pelourdeau, D., & Ridoux, V. (2009). Body scars and dorsal fin disfigurements as indicators interaction between small cetaceans and fisheries around the Mozambique Channel Island of Mayotte. Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science, 7(2).
Luksenburg, J. A. (2014). Prevalence of external injuries in small cetaceans in Aruban Waters, Southern Caribbean. PLoS ONE, 9(2).
Mariani, M., Miragliuolo, A., Mussi, B., Russo, G. F., Ardizzone, G., & Pace, D. S. (2016). Analysis of the natural markings of Risso’s dolphins (Grampus griseus) in the central Mediterranean Sea. Journal of Mammalogy, 97(6), 1512–1524.
Mark Carwardine (2020). Handbook of Whales, Dolphins, and Porpoises of the World.
解決的性別與頻率的問題,還得注意甚麼呢?專門研究輔助溝通系統(Augmentative and Alternative Communication,簡稱 AAC)的專家想到了語速的問題。輔助溝通系統可以簡單理解成「溝通輔具」,是用以輔助溝通障礙者溝通的工具; 簡單如圖卡,複雜如電子溝通板,都算是其中一員。而像是電子溝通板這類,以螢幕顯示圖片,點擊後可以播放語音的輔具來說,合成語音是很關鍵的技術。
另一個被探討的,是聽障族群。聽障族群最主要的困難,就在於聆聽。聆聽合成語音如果對聽常族群來說本來就比較困難,那對聽障族群應該是更加艱困的挑戰吧!Kangas 和 Allen 的研究[11]回答了這個問題。研究者請年長聽障者聆聽自然語音與合成語音,並請他們在聆聽後寫出聽到的單字。結果可想而知,聽障者確實在聆聽合成語音的部分表現得比較差。
West, M., Rebecca K., & Chew H.E. (2019). I’d Blush if I Could: Closing Gender Divides in Digital Skills Through Education.UNESCO & EQUALS Skills Coalition.
Sutton, B., King, J., Hux, K., & Beukelman, D. (1995). Younger and older adults’ rate performance when listening to synthetic speech. Augmentative and Alternative Communication, 11(3), 147-153.
Walker, V. G. (1988). Durational Characteristics of Young Adults during Speaking and Reading Tasks. Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica, 40(1), 12–20.
Winters, S. J., & Pisoni, D. B. (2004). Perception and comprehension of synthetic speech. Research on spoken language processing report, 26, 95-138.
Mirenda, P. & Beukelman, D.R. (1987). A comparison of speech synthesis intelligibility with listeners from three age groups. Augmentative and Alternative Communication, 3, 120-128.
Kangas, K.A. & Allen, G.D. (1990). Intelligibility of synthetic speech for normal-hearing and hearing impaired listeners. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 55, 751-755.