研究團隊進一步分析高原鼠兔的胃部殘留物和腸道菌組成,發現牠們的胃內確實有大量氂牛的 DNA ,而且其腸道菌組成也和氂牛幾乎一致,顯示了高原鼠兔確實會將氂牛糞便當作食物來源。不過根據研究顯示,高原鼠兔的吃屎行為一年四季都有,只是在食物匱乏的冬季頻率較高。這個結果解釋了過往科學家們的疑惑:為何氂牛數量較多的地方,高原鼠兔的數量也較多?這兩個物種會互相競爭食物,理論上同一地區不該都有高數量。但這個結果告訴我們,因為氂牛糞便也是高原鼠兔的食物來源,因此氂牛多的地方,高原鼠兔自然也多~
Speakman JR, Chi Q, Ołdakowski Ł, Fu H, Fletcher QE, Hambly C, Togo J, Liu X, Piertney SB, Wang X, Zhang L, Redman P, Wang L, Tang G, Li Y, Cui J, Thomson PJ, Wang Z, Glover P, Robertson OC, Zhang Y, Wang D. Surviving winter on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau: Pikas suppress energy demands and exploit yak feces to survive winter. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2021 Jul 27;118(30):e2100707118
Ammerman, N. C., Beier-Sexton, M., & Azad, A. F. (2008). Laboratory maintenance of Rickettsia rickettsii. Current protocols in microbiology, Chapter 3, Unit–3A.5.
Silverman, D. J. (1991). Some Contributions of Electron Microscopy to the Study of the Rickettsiae. European Journal of Epidemiology, 7(3), 200–206.
Gracie, D. J., Williams, C. J., Sood, R., Mumtaz, S., Bholah, M. H., Hamlin, P. J., et al. (2017). Negative effects on psychological health and quality of life of genuine irritable bowel syndrome–type symptoms in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 15, 376–384. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.cgh.2016.05.012
van Langenberg, D. R., & Gibson, P. R. (2010). Systematic review: Fatigue in inflammatory bowel disease. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 32, 131–143.
D’Silva, A., Fox, D. E., Nasser, Y., Vallance, J. K., Quinn, R. R., Ronksley, P. E., & Raman, M. (2022). Prevalence and risk factors for fatigue in adults with inflammatory bowel disease: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology: the official clinical practice. journal of the American Gastroenterological Association, 20(5), 995–1009.e7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2021.06.034
Van Langenberg, D. R., Yelland, G. W., Robinson, S. R., and Gibson, P. R. (2017). Cognitive impairment in Crohn’s disease is associated with systemic inflammation, symptom burden and sleep disturbance. United European Gastroenterology Journal, 5, 579–587. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050640616663397
Ng, J. Y., Chauhan, U., Armstrong, D., Marshall, J., Tse, F., Moayyedi, P., et al. (2018). A comparison of the prevalence of anxiety and depression between uncomplicated and complex Ibd patient groups. Gastroenterology Nursing, 41, 427–435. https://doi.org/10.1097/ SGA.0000000000000338
Tremlett, H., Bauer, K. C., Appel-Cresswell, S., Finlay, B. B., & Waubant, E. (2017). The gut microbiome in human neurological disease: a review. Annals of Neurology, 81, 369–382. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.24901
Vogt, N. M., Kerby, R. L., Dill-Mcfarland, K. A., Harding, S. J., Merluzzi, A. P., Johnson, S. C., et al. (2017). Gut microbiome alterations in Alzheimer’s disease. Scientific Reports, 7, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-13601-y
Haran, J. P., Bhattarai, S. K., Foley, S. E., Dutta, P., Ward, D. V., Bucci, V., et al. (2019). Alzheimer’s disease microbiome is associated with dysregulation of the anti- inflammatory P-glycoprotein pathway. mBio, 10, e00632–e00619. https://doi.org/10.1128/ mBio.00632-19
Romano, S., Savva, G. M., Bedarf, J. R., Charles, I. G., Hildebrand, F., & Narbad, A. (2021). Meta-analysis of the Parkinson’s disease gut microbiome suggests alterations linked to intestinal inflammation. npj Parkinson’s Disease, 7, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41531-021-00156-z
Ohgami, N., Ida-Eto, M., Shimotake, T., Sakashita, N., Sone, M., Nakashima, T., et al. (2010). C-ret–mediated hearing loss in mice with Hirschsprung disease. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107, 13051–13056. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1004520107
Denton, A. J., Godur, D. A., Mittal, J., Bencie, N. B., Mittal, R., & Eshraghi, A. A. (2022). Recent advancements in understanding the gut microbiome and the inner ear Axis. Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America, 55, 1125–1137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.otc.2022.07.002
Graham et al., 2023 Graham, A. S., Ben-Azu, B., Tremblay, M. È., Torre, P., 3rd, Senekal, M., Laughton, B., van der Kouwe, A., Jankiewicz, M., Kaba, M., & Holmes, M. J. (2023). A review of the auditory-gut-brain axis. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 17, 1183694. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2023.1183694
Kociszewska, D., & Vlajkovic, S. M. (2022). The association of inflammatory gut diseases with neuroinflammatory and auditory disorders. Frontiers in Bioscience-Elite, 14:8. https://doi.org/10.31083/j.fbe1402008
Megantara, I., Wikargana, G. L., Dewi, Y. A., Permana, A. D., & Sylviana, N. (2022). The role of gut Dysbiosis in the pathophysiology of tinnitus: a literature review. International Tinnitus Journal, 26, 27–41. https://doi.org/10.5935/0946-5448.20220005
Breit, S., Kupferberg, A., Rogler, G., and Hasler, G. (2018). Vagus nerve as modulator of the brain–gut axis in psychiatric and inflammatory disorders. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 9:44. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00044
Mion, F., Pellissier, S., Garros, A., Damon, H., Roman, S., and Bonaz, B. (2020). Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: a pilot, open-label study. Bioelectronics in Medicine, 3, 5–12. https://doi.org/10.2217/ bem-2020-0004
Lehtimäki, J., Hyvärinen, P., Ylikoski, M., Bergholm, M., Mäkelä, J. P., Aarnisalo, A., et al. (2013). Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation in tinnitus: a pilot study. Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 133, 378–382. https://doi.org/10.3109/00016489.2012.750736
Ylikoski, J., Markkanen, M., Pirvola, U., Lehtimäki, J. A., Ylikoski, M., Jing, Z., et al. (2020). Stress and tinnitus; transcutaneous auricular vagal nerve stimulation attenuates tinnitus-triggered stress reaction. Frontiers in Psychology, 11:2442. https://doi.org/10.3389/ fpsyg.2020.570196
Fousekis, F. S., Saridi, M., Albani, E., Daniel, F., Katsanos, K. H., Kastanioudakis, I. G., et al. (2018). Ear involvement in inflammatory bowel disease: a review of the literature. Journal of Clinical Medicine Research, 10(8), 609–614. https://doi.org/10.14740/jocmr3465w
Karmody, C. S., Valdez, T. A., Desai, U., & Blevins, N. H. (2009). Sensorineural hearing loss in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. American Journal of Otolaryngology, 30, 166–170.
Akbayir, N., Çaliş, A. B., Alkim, C., Sökmen, H. M. M., Erdem, L., Özbal, A., et al. (2005). Sensorineural hearing loss in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: A subclinical extraintestinal manifestation. Digestive Diseases and Sciences, 50, 1938–1945. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s10620-005-2964-3
Wang, W., Zhang, L. S., Zinsmaier, A. K., Patterson, G., Leptich, E. J., Shoemaker, S. L., et al. (2019). Neuroinflammation mediates noise-induced synaptic imbalance and tinnitus in rodent models. PLoS Biology, 17:e3000307. https://doi.org/10.1371/ journal.pbio.3000307
Niu, J., Xu, H., Zeng, G. et al. (2023). Music-based interventions in the feeding environment on the gut microbiota of mice. Scientific Reports, 13, 6313. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-33522-3