美國國家海洋和大氣管理局(The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, NOAA)組成一支調查團隊,USGS的國際野生動物保育中心的野生動物專家,利用專業儀器,將病毒從海豹的身體組織中分離出來,專家們指出其中有一型禽流感病毒,與野生鳥類的H3N8禽流感病毒十分接近。
但當時第一次世界大戰的主要參戰國家,如德、英、法、美等國為了避免影響士氣,嚴格管制媒體報導疫情。然而保持中立而未參戰的西班牙,因為沒有實施戰時審查制度,西班牙媒體自由報導著流感相關新聞,甚至連西班牙國王阿方索十三世(King Alfonso XIII)感染重症的消息也被廣泛報導,造成西班牙疫情特別嚴重的錯覺,也因此被命名為「西班牙流感」。
病毒外殼上還零星分布M2離子通道蛋白(M2 ion channel protein),但數量非常少,平均每100至200個HA,才有一個M2。套膜下則有M1基質蛋白(matrix protein M1)支撐病毒結構,維持病毒穩定。B型流感病毒的整體結構和A型非常類似,只是膜蛋白組成略有不同,除了HA和NA之外,另有兩種B型流感獨有的NB和BM2蛋白。至於C型流感病毒,外型就和A、B型明顯不同,它們在感染細胞表面時,能形成長達數百微米的「繩索狀結構」。
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3.哺乳類辨色與體色豐富的優勢?
這個要case by case,畢竟重要的是訊息傳播者、接受者及環境之間的交互關係,另外色覺與著色策略之間也沒有絕對的關係(文中有提到),性擇和天擇之間也可能有衝突的狀況。還有目前在哺乳類中也只有一些靈長類個案有比較明顯色覺與著色上的革新,這是既定事實,那過幾百萬年會不會有呢?無法確定,但這有很大的討論空間。
三色視覺有助於維氏冕狐猴檢測水果品質:
Veilleux, C. C., Scarry, C. J., di Fiore, A., Kirk, E. C., Bolnick, D. A., & Lewis, R. J. (2016). Group benefit associated with polymorphic trichromacy in a Malagasy primate (Propithecus verreauxi). Scientific Reports, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep38418
三色視覺有助於維氏冕狐猴檢測水果品質:
Veilleux, C. C., Scarry, C. J., di Fiore, A., Kirk, E. C., Bolnick, D. A., & Lewis, R. J. (2016). Group benefit associated with polymorphic trichromacy in a Malagasy primate (Propithecus verreauxi). Scientific Reports, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep38418
#6
在介紹發光機制那邊的生物螢光,引用原文[16]確實是用bioluminescence(生物發光)這字眼,但他們原本想要表達的應該是包含bioluminescence+biofluorescence才對,然後鴨嘴獸那邊確實是生物螢光(biofluorescence),翻譯整理時沒注意到,謝謝提醒。
題外話,雖然生物學會分得比較清楚,但論”luminescence”本身了話,是可以包含fluorescence(螢光)和phosphorescence(磷光)的。
Harper, D. (n.d.). Etymology of luminescence. Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved June 28, 2022, from https://www.etymonline.com/word/luminescence