不管是大型電腦或個人電腦都需具有「中央處理單元」(central process unit,簡稱 CPU)。CPU 是電腦的「腦」,其電子電路負責處理所有軟體正確運作所需的所有任務,如算術、邏輯、控制、輸入和輸出操作等等。雖然早期的設計即可以讓一個指令同時做兩、三件不同的工作;但為了簡單化,我們在這裡所談的工作將只是執行算術和邏輯運算的工作(arithmetic and logic unit,簡稱 ALU),如將兩個數加在一起。在這一簡化的定義下,CPU 在任何一個時刻均只能執行一件工作而已。
-----廣告,請繼續往下閱讀-----
在個人電腦剛出現只能用於一般事物的處理時,CPU 均能非常勝任地完成任務。但電腦圖形和動畫的出現帶來了第一批運算密集型工作負載後,CPU 開始顯示心有餘而力不足:例如電玩動畫需要應用程式處理數以萬計的像素(pixel),每個像素都有自己的顏色、光強度、和運動等, 使得 CPU 根本沒辦法在短時間內完成這些工作。於是出現了主機板上之「顯示插卡」來支援補助 CPU。
Baker, Isabel & O’Brien, Joanne & McHugh, Katherine & Berrow, Simon. (2017). An Ethogram for Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in the Shannon Estuary, Ireland. Aquatic Mammals. 43. 594-613. 10.1578/AM.43.6.2017.594.
Visser, Fleur & Hartman, Karin & Rood, Ente & Hendriks, Arthur & Zult, Daan & Wolff, Wim & Huisman, Jef & Pierce, Graham. (2010). Risso’s dolphins alter daily resting pattern in response to whale watching at the Azores. Marine Mammal Science. 27. 366 – 381. 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2010.00398.x.
Affinito, F., Olaya Meza, C., Akkaya Bas, A., Brill, D., Whittaker, G., & Capel, L. (2019). On the behaviour of an under-studied population of bottlenose dolphins in the Southern Adriatic Sea. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 99(4), 1017-1023. doi:10.1017/S0025315418000772
Visser, F., Keller, O. A., Oudejans, M. G., Nowacek, D. P., Kok, A. C. M., Huisman, J., & Sterck, E. H. M. (2021) Risso’s dolphins perform spin dives to target deep-dwelling prey. Royal Society. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.202320
Fujiwara, Y., Kawato, M., Yamamoto, T., Yamanaka, T., Sato-Okoshi, W., Noda, C., Tsuchida, S., Komai, T., Cubelio, S.S., Sasaki, T., Jacobsen, K., Kubokawa, K., Fujikura, K., Maruyama, T., Furushima, Y., Okoshi, K., Miyake, H., Miyazaki, M., Nogi, Y., Yatabe, A. and Okutani, T. (2007), Three-year investigations into sperm whale-fall ecosystems in Japan. Marine Ecology, 28: 219-232. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0485.2007.00150.x
Li Q, Liu Y, Li G, Wang Z, Zheng Z, Sun Y, Lei N, Li Q and Zhang W (2022) Review of the Impact of Whale Fall on Biodiversity in Deep-Sea Ecosystems. Front. Ecol. Evol. 10:885572. doi: 10.3389/fevo.2022.885572