當T細胞來盤查時,T細胞身上帶有一個具備煞車功能的「讀卡機」,叫做「程序性細胞死亡蛋白受體-1 (programmed cell death protein 1, PD-1) 」,簡稱 PD-1。當癌細胞的 PD-L1 跟 T細胞的 PD-1 對上時,就等於是在說:「嘿,自己人啦!別查我」,也就是腫瘤癌細胞會表現很多可抑制免疫 T 細胞活性的分子,這些分子能通過免疫 T 細胞的檢查哨,等於是通知免疫系統無需攻擊的訊號,因此 T 細胞就真的會被唬住,轉身離開且放棄攻擊。
這些「先鋒部隊」會優先「抄小路」從兩邊進入到流體二極管的 U 型槽中,形成前驅液體膜,但並不會超過凹角結構的高度。隨後而來的「大部隊」會被凹角結構所阻隔,堆積在 U 型槽裡。當被阻隔的「大部隊」液體積累到一定量時,會突破凹角結構的束縛,並與前驅液匯合,然後,就會發生「水躍現象」(hydraulic jump),「跳過」U 型島障礙,向前流動。所以從整體來看,液體在拓撲流體二極管裡的流動過程並不是連續的,而是像跨欄一樣「一跳一跳」地前進。
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Topology, Merriam-Webster Dictionary, origin: International Scientific Vocabulary
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