許多雄性動物有著極為誇張的性徵與繁殖行為,例如孔雀的華麗的飾羽或青蛙的洪亮的鳴叫聲等,在幾百年前即受到博物學家的關注(圖一)。這些用來吸引異性的特徵很明顯不利於個體生存,不太可能是天擇 (natural selection) 下的產物,達爾文提出天擇說時當然不會遺漏這些神奇的現象,他將其寫入在 1871 出版的《The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex》中,這也是演化生物學中「性擇」研究的起點。
不管是大型電腦或個人電腦都需具有「中央處理單元」(central process unit,簡稱 CPU)。CPU 是電腦的「腦」,其電子電路負責處理所有軟體正確運作所需的所有任務,如算術、邏輯、控制、輸入和輸出操作等等。雖然早期的設計即可以讓一個指令同時做兩、三件不同的工作;但為了簡單化,我們在這裡所談的工作將只是執行算術和邏輯運算的工作(arithmetic and logic unit,簡稱 ALU),如將兩個數加在一起。在這一簡化的定義下,CPU 在任何一個時刻均只能執行一件工作而已。
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在個人電腦剛出現只能用於一般事物的處理時,CPU 均能非常勝任地完成任務。但電腦圖形和動畫的出現帶來了第一批運算密集型工作負載後,CPU 開始顯示心有餘而力不足:例如電玩動畫需要應用程式處理數以萬計的像素(pixel),每個像素都有自己的顏色、光強度、和運動等, 使得 CPU 根本沒辦法在短時間內完成這些工作。於是出現了主機板上之「顯示插卡」來支援補助 CPU。
「她是那麼勇敢而美好。」[1]美國疾病管制與預防中心(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)2023 年 9 月號的《新興傳染病》(Emerging Infectious Diseases)期刊,登載一則來自澳大利亞的個案。[1, 2]論文的通訊作者對媒體表示:「你不會想成為全世界第一個被蟒蛇蠕蟲感染的病患,我們向她脫帽致敬。」[1]
從婦人腦中拖出來的 Ophidascaris robertsi。圖/參考資料 2,Figure 2 B & C(Public Domain)
這隻蛻變到三齡階段,外表朱紅的幼蟲,有 3 片典型的蛔蟲科唇瓣和盲腸,但缺乏發育完全的生殖系統。牠的頭尾被剁下來,由 CSIRO 的澳洲國家野生收藏館(Australian National Wildlife Collection)保存;其他屍塊分別交給雪梨大學(University of Sydney)以及墨爾本大學(University of Melbourne)鑑定基因。果然該寄生蟲專家所言不假,真的是 Ophidascaris robertsi。[2]
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