而在 2017 年 5 月,同一份期刊刊出一份評論,Lennard T. van Venrooij指出他們 2017 年 2 月的研究,其實就有 28% 的小兒科醫生自覺害怕小丑,或覺得小丑醫生令他們感到不舒服,所以,連醫生都害怕了,更何況是病童?而且 Meiri N 的研究中,將小丑恐懼症定義為「對小丑的非理性恐懼」。害怕無害的東西才可稱作「非理性」,但明明 2016 年開始,歐美有多起小丑嚇人或攻擊人的新聞,危及社會安全,「對小丑的非理性恐懼」這樣的定義,加重對有這類恐懼的人的污名化,更無法表達出這方面的焦慮和恐懼,令研究有低估盛行率的可能,也讓這類個案不願尋求協助或治療。
Meiri N, Schnapp Z, Ankri Itay A, Nahmias I, Raviv A, Sagi O, Hamad Saied M, Konopnicki M, Pillar G (2017) Fear of clowns in hospitalized children: prospective experience. Eur J Pediatr 176(2):269–272. doi:10.1007/s00431-016-2826-3
Van Venrooij LT, Barnhoorn PC (2017) Hospital clowning: a paediatrician’s view. Eur J Pediatr 176(2):191–197. doi:10.1007/s00431-016-2821-8
根據 Roberts 等人的研究[61],在獸圈這個社群裡,成員與動物的連結也存在多樣的面向,他們認為有三大因素:(1)對一個物種的欣賞或好感(2)與此物種有精神或神秘聯系的感覺,以及(3)與這物種的認同感。事實上人類對動物態度的研究的確是一個極其複雜的問題,它涉及到演化、心理和文化等方面[65]。但是即使不考慮這些,人們對動物的物種傾向也很大程度上取決於動物本身固有的某些屬性,如各種物種的身體和行為特徵很大程度上地影響著人類對動物的感知,並可以解釋道為什麼人們喜歡某些動物或討厭某些動物[65]。
1. Alley, T. (1983). Infantile head shape as an elicitor of adult protection. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 29(4), 411-427.
2. Anand, S., Binoy, V. V., & Radhakrishna, S. (2018). The monkey is not always a god: Attitudinal differences toward crop-raiding Pet Face: Mechanisms Underlying Human-Animal Relationships. macaques and why it matters for conflict mitigation. Ambio, 47(6), 711-720. doi: 10.1007/s13280-017-1008-5
3. Archer, J. (1997). Why do people love their pets? Evolution and Human Behavior, 18(4), 237-259, doi: 10.1016/S0162-3095(99)80001-4
4. Archer, J., & Monton, S. (2011). Preferences for infant facial features in pet dogs and cats. Ethology, 117(3), 217-226. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0310.2010.01863.x
5. Bailey, N. W., & Zuk, M. (2009). Same-sex sexual behavior and evolution. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 24(8), 439-446. doi: 10.1016/j.tree.2009.03.014
6. Barrett, D. (2010). Supernormal stimuli: How primal urges overran their evolutionary purpose. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
7. Barrett, D. (2020). Supernormal Stimuli in the Media. In L. Workman, W. Reader & J. Barkow (Eds.), The Cambridge Handbook of Evolutionary Perspectives on Human Behavior. (pp. 527-537). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
8.Batt, S. (2009). Human attitudes towards animals in relation to species similarity to humans: a multivariate approach. Bioscience Horizons, 2(2), 180-190. doi: 10.1093/BIOHORIZONS/HZP021
9. Beatson, R. M., & Halloran, M. J. (2007). Humans rule! The effects of creatureliness reminders, mortality salience and self-esteem on attitudes towards animals. British Journal of Social Psychology, 46(3), 619-632. doi: 10.1348/014466606X147753
10. Belyaev, D. K. (1979). Destabilizing selection as a factor in domestication. Journal of Heredity, 70(5), 301-308. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a109263
11. Bjerke, T., Odegardstuen, T., & Kaltenborn, B. (1998). Attitudes toward animals among Norwegian children and adolescents: species preferences. Anthrozoös 11(4), 227-235. doi: 10.2752/089279398787000544
12. Borgi, M., & Cirulli, F. (2015). Attitudes toward animals among kindergarten children: species preferences. Anthrozoös, 28(1), 45-59. doi: 10.2752/089279315X14129350721939
13. Borgi, M., & Cirulli, F. (2016). Pet Face: Mechanisms Underlying Human-Animal Relationships. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 298. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00298
14. Borgi, M., Cogliati-Dezza, I., Brelsford, V., Meints K, & Cirulli F. (2014). Baby schema in human and animal faces induces cuteness perception and gaze allocation in children. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 411. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00411
15. Brosch, T., Sander, D., & Scherer, K. R. (2007). That baby caught my eye…attention capture by infant faces. Emotion 7(3), 685-689. doi: 10.1037/1528-3542.7.3.685
16. Brown, C. M., & McLean, J. L. (2015). Anthropomorphizing Dogs: Projecting One’s Own Personality and Consequences for Supporting Animal Rights. Anthrozoös, 28(1), 73-86. doi: 10.2752/089279315×14129350721975
17. Bruni, D., Perconti, P., & Plebe, A. (2018). Anti-anthropomorphism and Its Limits. Frontiers in psychology, 9, 2205. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02205
18. Butterfield, M. E., Hill, S. E., & Lord, C. G. (2012). Mangy mutt or furry friend? Anthropomorphism promotes animal welfare. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48(4), 957-960. doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2012.02.010
19. DeLoache, J. S., Pickard, M. B., & LoBue, V. (2011). How very young children think about animals. In P. McCardle, S. McCune, J. A. Griffin, & V. Maholmes (Eds.), How animals affect us: Examining the influences of human–animal interaction on child development and human health. (pp. 85-99). American Psychological Association. doi: 10.1037/12301-004
21. Frank, H., & Frank, M.G. (1982). On the effects of domestication on canine social development and behavior. Applied Animal Ethology, 8(6), 507-525. doi: 10.1016/0304-3762(82)90215-2
22. Ganea, P. A., Canfield, C. F., Simons-Ghafari, K., & Chou, T. (2014). Do cavies talk? The effect of anthropomorphic picture books on children’s knowledge about animals. Frontiers in Psychology, 5. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00283
23. Gerbasi, K. C., Paolone, N., Higner, J., Scaletta, L. L., Bernstein, P. L., Conway, S., & Privitera, A. (2008). Furries from A to Z (anthropomorphism to zoomorphism). Society & Animals: Journal of Human-Animal Studies, 16(3), 197-222. doi: 10.1163/156853008X323376
24. Glocker, M. L., Langleben, D. D., Ruparel, K., Loughead, J. W., Gur, R. C., and Sachser, N. (2009a). Baby schema in infant faces induces cuteness perception and motivation for caretaking in adults. Ethology, 115(3), 257-263. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0310.2008.01603.x
25. Glocker, M. L., Langleben, D. D., Ruparel, K., Loughead, J. W., Valdez, J. N., Griffin, M. D., … Gur, R. C. (2009b). Baby schema modulates the brain reward system in nulliparous women. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(22), 9115-9119. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0811620106
26. Gould, S. J. (1979). Mickey mouse meets Konrad Lorenz. Natural History Magazine, 88(5), 30-36.
27. Greenberg, J., Pyszczynski, T., & Solomon, S. (1986). The causes and consequences of the need for self-esteem: A terror management theory. In R. F. Baumeister (Ed.), Public self and private self (pp. 189-212). New York, NY, USA.
28. Gunnthorsdottir, A. (2001). Physical attractiveness of an animal species as a decision factor for its preservation. Anthrozoös, 14(4), 204-215. doi: 10.2752/089279301786999355
29. Hsu, K. J., Bailey, J. M. (2019). The “Furry” Phenomenon: Characterizing Sexual Orientation, Sexual Motivation, and Erotic Target Identity Inversions in Male Furries. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 48(5), 1349-1369. doi: 10.1007/s10508-018-1303-7
30. Jenkins, L. (2015). The Touch of Nature Has Made the Whole World Kin: Interspecies Kin Selection in the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. doi: 10.1016/s0378-777x(78)80028-6
32. Kellert, S. R. (1993). Values and perceptions of invertebrates. Conservation Biology, 7(4), 845-855. doi: 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1993.740845.x
33. Kellert, S. R. (1997). The Value of Life: Biological Diversity and Human Society. Washington: Island Press.
34. Knight, A. (2008). “Bats, snakes and spiders, Oh my!” How aesthetic and negativistic attitudes, and other concepts predict support for species protection. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 28(1), 94-103. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvp.2007.10.001
35. Knight, J. (1999). Monkeys of the move: the natural symbolism of people-macaque conflict in Japan. The Journal of Asian Studies, 58(3), 622-647. doi: 10.2307/2659114
36. Lehmann, V., Huis in‘t Veld, E. M. J., & Vingerhoets, A. J. J. M. (2013). The human and animal baby schema effect: Correlates of individual differences. Behavioural Processes, 94, 99-108. doi: 10.1016/j.beproc.2013.01.001
37. Little, A. C. (2012). Manipulation of infant-like traits affects perceived cuteness of infant, adult and cat faces. Ethology 118(8), 775-782. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0310.2012.02068.x
38. Lobue, V., Bloom Pickard, M., Sherman, K., Axford, C., and DeLoache, J. S. (2013). Young children’s interest in live animals. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 31(1), 57-69. doi: 10.1111/j.2044-835X.2012.02078.x
39. Lorenz, K. (1943). Die angeborenen Formen möglicher Erfahrung. Zeitschrift Für Tierpsychologie, 5(2), 233-519. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0310.1943.tb00655.x
40. MacDorman, K. F. (2005). Mortality salience and the uncanny valley. 5th IEEE-RAS International Conference on Humanoid Robots, 2005., 399-405. doi: 10.1109/ICHR.2005.1573600
41. MacDorman, K., Green, R., Ho, C., Koch, C. (2009). Too real for comfort? Uncanny
responses to computer-generated faces. Computers in Human Behavior, 25(3),
42. Mann, J. (2006). Establishing trust: socio-sexual behaviour and the development of male-male bonds among Indian Ocean bottlenose dolphins. In V. Sommer & P. L. Vasey (Eds.), Homosexual Behaviour in Animals (pp. 107-130). Cambridge University Press.
43. Margulies, J. D., & Karanth, K. K. (2018). The production of human-wildlife conflict: A political animal geography of encounter. Geoforum, 95, 153-164. doi: 10.1016/j.geoforum.2018.06.011
44. Martín-López, B., Montes, C., and Benayes, J. (2007). The non-economic motives behind the willingness to pay for biodiversity conservation. Biological Conservation, 139(1-2), 67-82. doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2007.06.005
45. Mock, S.E., Plante, C., Reysen, S., & Gerbasi, K. (2013). Deeper leisure involvement as a coping resource in a stigmatized leisure context. Leisure/Loisir 37(2), 111-126. doi: 10.1080/14927713.2013.801152
46. Moosa, M. M., & Ud-Dean, S. M. M. (2010). Danger Avoidance: An Evolutionary Explanation of Uncanny Valley. Biological Theory, 5(1), 12-14. doi: 10.1162/biot_a_00016
47. Mori, M. (1970). The uncanny valley. Energy, 7(4), 33-35.
48. Mormann, F., Dubois, J., Kornblith, S., Milosavljevic, M., Cerf, M., Ison, M., et al. (2011). A category-specific response to animals in the right human amygdala. Nature neuroscience, 14(10), 1247-1249. doi: 10.1038/nn.2899
49. Muszkat, M., de Mello, C. B., Muñoz, P., Lucci, T. K., David, V. F., Siqueira, J., & Otta, E. (2015). Face scanning in autism spectrum disorder and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: human versus dog face scanning. Frontiers in psychiatry, 6, 150. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00150
50. New, J., Cosmides, L., & Tooby, J. (2007). Category-specific attention for animals reflects ancestral priorities, not expertise. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104(42), 16598-16603. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0703913104
51. Nittono, H., Fukushima, M., Yano, A., & Moriya, H. (2012). The Power of Kawaii: Viewing Cute Images Promotes a Careful Behavior and Narrows Attentional Focus. PLoS ONE, 7(9), e46362. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046362
55. Plante, C. N., Reysen, S., Roberts, S. E., & Gerbasi, K. C. (2018). “Animals Like Us”: Identifying with Nonhuman Animals and Support for Nonhuman Animal Rights. Anthrozoös, 31(2), 165-177. doi: 10.1080/08927936.2018.1434045
56. Plous, S. (1993). Psychological mechanisms in the human use of animals. Journal of Social Issues, 49(1), 11-52. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-4560.1993.tb00907.x
57. Prokop, P., Tolarovićová, A., Camerik, A., & Peterková, V. (2010). High school students’ attitudes towards spiders: a cross-cultural comparison. International Journal of Science Education, 32(12), 1665-1688. doi: 10.1080/09500690903253908
58. Půtová, B. (2013). Prehistoric sorcerers and postmodern furries: Anthropological point of view. International Journal of Sociology and Anthropology, 5(7), 243-248. doi: 10.5897/IJSA12.052
59. Rahman, Q., & Hull, M. S. (2005). An empirical test of the kin selection hypothesis for male homosexuality. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 34(4), 461-467. doi: 10.1007/s10508-005-4345-6
60. Reysen, S., Plante, C. N., Roberts, S. E., & Gerbasi, K. C. (2015). Ingroup bias and ingroup projection in the furry fandom. International Journal of Psychological Studies 7(4): 49-58. doi: 10.5539/ijps.v7n4p49
61. Roberts, S. E., Plante, C. N., Gerbasi, K. C., & Reysen, S. (2015a). The Anthropomorphic Identity: Furry Fandom Members’ Connections to Nonhuman Animals. Anthrozoos A Multidisciplinary Journal of The Interactions of People & Animals, 28(4), 533-548. doi: 10.1080/08927936.2015.1069993
62. Roberts, S. E., Plante, C. N., Gerbasi, K. C., & Reysen, S. (2015b). Clinical interaction with anthropomorphic phenomenon: Notes for health professionals about interacting with clients who possess this unusual identity. Health and Social Work, 40(2), e42-e50. doi: 10.1093/hsw/hlv020
63. Rozin, P., & Fallon, A. E. (1987). A perspective on disgust. Psychological Review, 94(1), 23-41.
64. Schwind, V., Leicht, K., Jäger, S., Wolf, K., & Henze, N. (2018). Is there an uncanny valley of virtual animals? A quantitative and qualitative investigation. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 111, 49-61. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhcs.2017.11.003
65. Serpell, J. A. (2004). Factors influencing human attitudes to animals and their welfare. Animal Welfare, 13, 145-151.
66. Sherman, G. D., Haidt, J., & Coan, J. A. (2009). Viewing cute images increases behavioral carefulness. Emotion, 9(2), 282-286. doi: 10.1037/a0014904
67. Sprengelmeyer, R., Perrett, D. I., Fagan, E. C., Cornwell, R. E., Lobmaier, J. S., Sprengelmeyer, A., … Young, A. W. (2009). The Cutest Little Baby Face. Psychological Science, 20(2), 149-154. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02272.x.
68. Tinbergen, N. (1953). The Herring Gull’s World. London: Collins.
69. Tisdell, C., Wilson, C., & Swarna Nantha, H. (2006). Public choice of species for the ‘Ark’: phylogenetic similarity and preferred wildlife species for survival. Journal for Nature Conservation, 14(3-4), 266-267. doi: 10.1016/j.jnc.2006.07.001
70. Wenzel, J. W. (1992). Behavioral Homology and Phylogeny. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 23(1), 361-381. doi: 10.1146/annurev.es.23.110192.002045
71. Wilson, E. (1984). Biophilia: The Human Bond with Other Species. Harvard, MA: Harvard University Press.
72. Woods, B. (2000). Beauty and the beast: preferences for animals in Australia. Journal of Tourism Studies, 11(2), 25-35. doi: 10.3316/ielapa.200110918
Turroni F, Milani C, Duranti S, Lugli GA, Bernasconi S, Margolles A, Di Pierro F, van Sinderen D, Ventura M. The infant gut microbiome as a microbial organ influencing host well-being. Italian J Pediatrics. 2020;46:16.
Olsza k T, An D, Zeissig S, Vera MP, Richter J, Franke A,Glickman JN, Siebert R, Baron RM, Kasper DL, et al. Microbial exposure during early life has persistent effects on natural killer T cell function. Science. 2012;336(6080):489–493. doi:10.1126/science.1219328.
Gensollen T, Iyer SS, Kasper DL, Blumberg RS. How colonisation by microbiota in early life shapes the immune system. Science. 2016;352(6825):539–544. doi:10.1126/science.aad9378.
Scheepers L, Penders J, Mbakwa CA, Thijs C, Mommers M, Arts I. The intestinal microbiota composition and weight development in children: the KOALA birth cohort study. Int J Obesity. 2015;39:16–25. doi:10.1038/ijo.2014.178.
Milani C, Duranti S, Bottacini F, Casey E, Turroni F, Mahony J, Belzer C, Delgado Palacio S, Arboleya Montes S, Mancabelli L, et al. The first microbial colonizers of the human gut: composition, activities and health implications of the infant gut microbiota. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2017;81(4):e00036–17.
Mulligan CM, Friedman JE. Maternal modifiers of the infant gut microbiota: metabolic consequences. J Endocrinol. 2017;235(1):R1–R12. doi:10.1530/JOE-17-0303.
Fujimura KE, Sitarik AR, Havstad S, Lin DL, Levan S, Fadrosh D, Panzer AR, LaMere B, Rackaityte E, Lukacs NW, et al. Neonatal gut microbiota associates with childhood multisensitised atopy and T cell differentiation. Nat Med. 2016;22(10):1187–1191. doi:10.1038/nm.4176.
Ismail IH, Boyle RJ, Licciardi PV, Oppedisano F, Lahtinen S, Robins-Browne RM, Tang MLK. Early gut colonization by Bifidobacterium breve and B. catenulatum differentially modulates eczema risk in children at high risk of developing allergic disease. Paediatric Allergy Immunol. 2016;27(8):838–846. doi:10.1111/pai.12646.
De Filippo C, Cavalieri D, Di Paola M, Ramazzotti M, Poullet JB, Massart S, Collini S, Pieraccini G, Lionetti P. Impact of diet in shaping gut microbiota revealed by acomparative study in children from Europe and rural Africa. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2010;107(33):14691–14696. doi:10.1073/pnas.1005963107.
Khine WWT, Zhang YW, Goie JY, Wong MS, Liong MT, Lee YY, Cao H, Lee Y-K. Gut microbiome of preadolescent children of two ethnicities residing in three distant cities. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):78931. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-44369-y.
Kisuse J, La-Ongkham O, Nakphaichit M, Therdtatha P, Momoda R, Tanaka M, Fukuda S, Popluechai S, Kespechara K, Sonomoto K, et al. Urban diets linked to gut microbiome and metabolome alterations in children: a comparative cross-sectional study in Thailand. Front Microbiol. 2018;9:1345. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.01345.
Nakayama J, Yamamoto A, Palermo-Conde LA,Higashi K, Sonomoto K, Tan J, Lee Y-K. Impact of Westernized diet on gut microbiota in children on Leyte islands. Front Microbiol. 2017;8:197. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2017.00197.
Yatsunenko T, Rey FE, Manary MJ, Trehan I, Dominguez-Bello MG, Contreras M, Magris M, Hidalgo G, Baldassano RN, Anokhin AP, et al. Human gut microbiome viewed across age and geography. Nature. 2012;486(7402):222–227. doi:10.1038/nature11053.
Nakayama J, Yamamoto A, Palermo-Conde LA, Higashi K, Sonomoto K, Tan J, Lee Y-K. Diversity in gut bacterial community of school-age children in Asia. Sci Rep. 2015;5:8397. doi:10.1038/srep08397.
Wu GD, Chen J, Hoffmann C, Bittinger K, Chen -Y-Y, Keilbaugh SA, Bewtra M, Knights D, Walters WA, Knight R, et al. Linking long-term dietary patterns with gut microbial enterotypes. Science. 2011;334:6052. doi:10.1126/science.1208344.
Zhang JC, Guo Z, Lim AA, Zheng Y, Koh EY, Ho D, Qiao J, Huo D, Hou Q, Huang W, et al. Mongolians core gut microbiota and its correlation with seasonal dietary changes. Sci Rep. 2014;4:5001. doi:10.1038/srep05001.
Pelzer E, Gomez-Arango LF, Barrett HL, Nitert MD. Review: maternal health and the placental microbiome. Placenta. 2017;54:30–37. doi:10.1016/j.placenta.2016.12.003.
Rautava S, Luoto R, Salminen S, Isolauri E. Perinatal microbial contact and the origins of human disease. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012;9:565–576. doi:10.1038/nrgastro.2012.144.
Penders J, Thijs C, Vink C, Stelma CV, Snijders B, Kummeling I, van den Brandt PA, Stobberingh EE. Factors influencing the composition of the intestinal microbiota in early infancy. Paediatrics. 2006;118(2):511–521. doi:10.1542/peds.2005-2824.
Dominguez-Bello MG, Costello EK, Contreras M, Magris M, Hidalgo G, Fierer N, Knight R. W. W. T. KHINE ET AL. Delivery mode shapes the acquisition and structure of the initial microbiota across multiple body habitats in newborns. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2010;107(26):11971–11975. doi:10.1073/pnas.1002601107.
Asnicar F, Manara S, Zolfo M, Truong DT, Scholz M, Armanini F, Ferretti P, Gorfer V, Pedrotti A, Tett A, et al. Studying vertical microbiome transmission from mothers to infants by strain-level metagenomics profiling. mSystem. 2017;2(1):e00164–16. doi:10.1128/mSystems.00164-16.
Funkhouser LJ, Bordenstein SR. Mom knows best: the universality of maternal microbial transmission. PLoS Biol. 2013;11(8):e1001631. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001631.
Roger LC, Costabile A, Holland DT, Hoyles L, McCartney AL. Examination of fecal Bifidobacterium populations in breast- and formula-fed infants during the first 18 months of life. Microbiology Society. 2010;156(11):3329–3341. doi:10.1099/mic.0.043224-0.
Koenig JE, Spor A, Scalfone N, Fricker AD, Stombaugh J, Knight R, Angenent LT, Ley RE. Succession of microbial consortia in the developing infant gut microbiome. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2011;108(Suppl.1):4578–4585. doi:10.1073/pnas.1000081107.
Ferretti P, Pasolli E, Tett A, Asnicar F, Gorfer V, Fedi S, Armanini F, Truong DT, Manara S, Zolfo M, et al. Mother-to-infant microbial transmission from different body sites shapes the developing infant gut microbiome. Cell Host Microbe. 2018;24:133–145. doi:10.1016/j.chom.2018.06.005.
Yassour M, Jason E, Hogstrom LJ, Arthur TD, Tripathi S, Siljander H, Selvenius J, Oikarinen S, Hyöty H, Virtanen SM, et al. Strain-level analysis of mother-tochild bacterial transmission during the first few months of life. Cell Host Microbe. 2018;24:146–154. doi:10.1016/j.chom.2018.06.007.
Bäckhed F, Roswall J, Peng Y, Feng Q, Jia H, KovatchevaDatchary P, Li Y, Xia Y, Xie H, Zhong H, et al. Dynamics and stabilization of the human gut microbiome during the first year of life. Cell Host Microbe. 2015;17:690–730. doi:10.1016/j.chom.2015.04.004.
Makino H. Bifidobacterial strains in the intestines of newborns originate from their mothers. Biosci Microbiota Food Health. 2018;37:79–85. doi:10.12938/bmfh.18-011.
Vaishampayan PA, Kuehl JV, Froula JL, Morgan JL, Ochman H, Francino MP. Comparative metagenomics and population dynamics of the gut microbiota inmother an infant. Genome Biol Evol. 2010;2:53–66. doi:10.1093/gbe/evp057.
Milani C, Turroni F, Duranti S, Lugli GA, Mancabelli L, Ferrario C, van Sinderen D, Ventura M. Genomics of the genus Bifidobacterium reveals species-specific adaptation to the glycan-rich gut environment. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2015;82(4):980–991. doi:10.1128/AEM.03500-15.
Duranti S, Lugli GA, Mancabelli L, Armanini F, Turroni F, James K, Ferretti P, Gorfer V, Ferrario C, Milani C, et al. Maternal inheritance of bifidobacterial communities and bifidophages in infants through vertical transmission. Microbiome. 2017;5:66. doi:10.1186/s40168-017-0282-6.
Milani C, Duranti S, Bottacini F, Casey E, Turroni F, Mahony J, Belzer C, Delgado Palacio S, Arboleya Montes S, Mancabelli L, et al. The first microbial colonizers of the human gut: composition, activities and health implications of the infant gut microbiota. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2017;81(4):e00036–17.
34. Mulligan CM, Friedman JE. Maternal modifiers of the infant gut microbiota: metabolic consequences. J Endocrinol. 2017;235(1):R1–R12. doi:10.1530/JOE-17-0303.
Fujimura KE, Sitarik AR, Havstad S, Lin DL, Levan S, Fadrosh D, Panzer AR, LaMere B, Rackaityte E, Lukacs NW, et al. Neonatal gut microbiota associates with childhood multisensitised atopy and T cell differentiation. Nat Med. 2016;22(10):1187–1191. doi:10.1038/nm.4176.
Ismail IH, Boyle RJ, Licciardi PV, Oppedisano F, Lahtinen S, Robins-Browne RM, Tang MLK. Early gut colonization by Bifidobacterium breve and B. catenulatum differentially modulates eczema risk in children at high risk of developing allergic disease. Paediatric Allergy Immunol. 2016;27(8):838–846. doi:10.1111/pai.12646.
Wampach L, Heintz-Buschart A, Fritz JV, RamiroGarcia J, Habier J, Herold M, Narayanasamy S, Kaysen A, Hogan AH, Bindl L, et al. Birth mode is associated with earliest strain-conferred gut microbiome functions and immunostimulatory potential. Nat Commun. 2018;9:5091. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-07631-x.
Fouhy F, Watkins C, Hill CJ, ÓShea C-A, Nagle B, Dempsey EM, ÓToole PW, Ross RP, Ryan CA, Stanton C. Perinatal factors affect the gut microbiota up to four years after birth. Nat Commun. 2019;10:1517. doi:10.1038/s41467-019-09252-4.
Shao Y, Forster SC, Tsaliki E, Vervier K, Strang A, Simpson N, Kumar N, Stares MD, Rodger A, Brocklehurst P, et al. Stunted microbiota and opportunistic pathogen colonisation in caesarean-section birth. Nature. 2019;574:117–121. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1560-1.
Nogacka A, Salazar N, Suárez M, Milani C, Arboleya S, Solís G, Fernández N, Alaez L, Hernández-Barranco AM, de Los Reyes-gavilán CG, et al. Impact of intrapartum antimicrobial prophylaxis upon the intestinal microbiota and the prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes in vaginally delivered full-term neonates. Microbiome. 2017;5(1):93. doi:10.1186/s40168-017-0313-3.
Neuman H, Forsythe P, Uzan A, Avni O, Koren O. Antibiotics in early life: dysbiosis and the damage done. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2018;42:489–499. doi:10.1093/femsre/fuy018.
Khine WWT, Rahayu ES, See TY, Kuah S, Salminen S, Nakayama J, Lee YK. Indonesian children fecal microbiome from birth until weaning was different from microbiomes of their mothers, Gut Microbes, doi: 10.1080/19490976.2020.1761240.
Dzidic M, Boix-Amorós A, Selma-Royo M, Mira A, Collado MC. Gut microbiota and mucosal immunity in the neonate. Med Sci (Basel). 2018;6:E56.
Aakko J, Kumar H, Rautava S, Wise A, Autran C, Bode L, Isolauri E, Salminen S. Human milk oligosaccharide categories define the microbiota composition in human colostrum. Benef Microbes. 2017;8(4):563–567. doi:10.3920/BM2016.0185.
Marcobal A, Barboza M, Froehlich JW, Block DE, German JB, Lebrilla CB, Mills DA. Consumption of human milk oligosaccharides by gut-related microbes. J Agric Food Chem. 2010;58(9):5334–5340. doi:10.1021/jf9044205.
Duranti S, Lugli GA, Milani C, James K, Mancabelli L, Turroni F, Alessandri G, Mangifesta M, Mancino W, Ossiprandi MC, et al. Bifidobacterium bifidum and the infant gut microbiota: an intriguing case of microbehost co-evolution. Environ Microbiol. 2019;21 (10):3683–3695. doi:10.1111/1462-2920.14705.
Andreas NJ, Kampmann B, Mehring L-DK. Human breast milk: a review on its composition and bioactivity. Early Hum Dev. 2015;91(11):629–635. doi:10.1016/j. earlhumdev.2015.08.013.
Hayashi H, Shibata K, Sakamoto M, Tomita S, Benno Y. Prevotella copri sp. Nov. and Prevotella stercorea sp. Nov., isolated from human feces. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2007;57:941–946. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.64778-0.
Wahlstrom A, Sayin SI, Marschall H-U, Backhed F. Intestinal crosstalk between bile acids and microbiota and its impact on host metabolism. Cell Metab. 2016;24(1):41–50. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2016.05.005.
Masaru. T, Sanefuji M, Morokuma S, Yoden M, Momoda R, Sonomoto K, Ogawa M, Kato K, Nakayama J. The association between gut microbiota development and maturation of intestinal bile acid metabolism in the first three years of healthy Japanese infants. Gut Microbes. 2019. doi:10.1080/19490976.2019.1650997.
Round JL, Lee SM, Li J, Tran G, Jabri B, Chatila TA, Mazmanian SK. The Toll-like receptor 2 pathway establishes colonisation by a commensal of the human microbiota. Science. 2011;332:974–977. doi:10.1126/science.1206095.
Moeller AH, Suzuki TA, Phifer-Rixey M, Nachman MW. Transmission modes of the mammalian gut microbiota. Science. 2018;362:453–457. doi:10.1126/science.aat7164.
Kim Y-G, Sakamoto K, Seo SU, Pickard JM, Gillilland MG 3rd, Pudlo NA, Hoostal M, Li X, Wang TD, Feehley T, et al. Neonatal acquisition of Clostridia species protects against colonization by bacterial pathogens. Science. 2017;356:315–319. doi:10.1126/science.aag2029.
Oyedemi BOM, Kotsia EM, Stapleton PD, Gibbons S. Capsaicin and gingerol analogues inhibit the growth of efflux-multidrug resistant bacteria and R-plasmids conjugal transfer. J Ethnopharmacol. 2019;245:111871. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2019.111871.
Kariu T, Nakao R, Ikeda T, Nakashima K, Potempa J, Imamura T. Inhibition of gingipains and Porphyromonas gingivalis growth and biofilm formation by prenyl flavonoids. J Periodontal Res. 2017;52(1):89–96. doi:10.1111/jre.12372.
Cushnie TP, Cushnie B, Lamb AJ. Alkaloids: an overview of their antibacterial, antibiotic-enhancing and antivirulence activities. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2014;44:377–386. doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2014.06.001.
Are A, Aronsson L, Wang S, Greicius G, Lee Y-K, Gustafsson JA, Pettersson S, Arulampalam V. Enterococcus faecalis from newborn babies regulate endogenous PPARgamma activity and IL-10 levels in colonic epithelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2008;105:1943–1948. doi:10.1073/pnas.0711734105.
Wang SG, Hibberd ML, Pettersson S, Lee Y-K. Enterococcus faecalis from healthy infants modulates inflammation through MAPK signaling pathways. PLoS One. 2014;9(5):e97523. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0097523.