而在 2017 年 5 月,同一份期刊刊出一份評論,Lennard T. van Venrooij指出他們 2017 年 2 月的研究,其實就有 28% 的小兒科醫生自覺害怕小丑,或覺得小丑醫生令他們感到不舒服,所以,連醫生都害怕了,更何況是病童?而且 Meiri N 的研究中,將小丑恐懼症定義為「對小丑的非理性恐懼」。害怕無害的東西才可稱作「非理性」,但明明 2016 年開始,歐美有多起小丑嚇人或攻擊人的新聞,危及社會安全,「對小丑的非理性恐懼」這樣的定義,加重對有這類恐懼的人的污名化,更無法表達出這方面的焦慮和恐懼,令研究有低估盛行率的可能,也讓這類個案不願尋求協助或治療。
Meiri N, Schnapp Z, Ankri Itay A, Nahmias I, Raviv A, Sagi O, Hamad Saied M, Konopnicki M, Pillar G (2017) Fear of clowns in hospitalized children: prospective experience. Eur J Pediatr 176(2):269–272. doi:10.1007/s00431-016-2826-3
Van Venrooij LT, Barnhoorn PC (2017) Hospital clowning: a paediatrician’s view. Eur J Pediatr 176(2):191–197. doi:10.1007/s00431-016-2821-8
C-LAB 策展人吳達坤進一步說明,本次展覽規劃了 4 大章節,共集結來自 9 個國家 23 組藝術家團隊的 26 件作品,帶領觀眾從了解 AI 發展歷史開始,到欣賞各種結合科技的藝術創作,再到與藝術一同探索 AI 未來發展,希望觀眾能從中感受科技如何重塑藝術的創造範式,進而更清楚未來該如何與科技共生與共創。
從歷史看未來:AI 技術發展的 3 個高峰
其中,展覽第一章「流動的錨點」邀請了自牧文化 2 名研究者李佳霖和蔡侑霖,從軟體與演算法發展、硬體發展與世界史、文化與藝術三條軸線,平行梳理 AI 技術發展過程。
藉由李佳霖和蔡侑霖長達近半年的調查研究,觀眾對 AI 發展有了清楚的輪廓。自 1956 年達特茅斯會議提出「人工智慧(Artificial Intelligence))」一詞,並明確定出 AI 的任務,例如:自然語言處理、神經網路、計算學理論、隨機性與創造性等,就開啟了全球 AI 研究浪潮,至今將近 70 年的過程間,共迎來三波發展高峰。
第一波技術爆發期確立了自然語言與機器語言的轉換機制,科學家將任務文字化、建立推理規則,再換成機器語言讓機器執行,然而受到演算法及硬體資源限制,使得 AI 只能解決小問題,也因此進入了第一次發展寒冬。
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之後隨著專家系統的興起,讓 AI 突破技術瓶頸,進入第二次發展高峰期。專家系統是由邏輯推理系統、資料庫、操作介面三者共載而成,由於部份應用領域的邏輯推理方式是相似的,因此只要搭載不同資料庫,就能解決各種問題,克服過去規則設定無窮盡的挑戰。此外,機器學習、類神經網路等技術也在同一時期誕生,雖然是 AI 技術上的一大創新突破,但最終同樣受到硬體限制、技術成熟度等因素影響,導致 AI 再次進入發展寒冬。
走出第二次寒冬的關鍵在於,IBM 超級電腦深藍(Deep Blue)戰勝了西洋棋世界冠軍 Garry Kasparov,加上美國學者 Geoffrey Hinton 推出了新的類神經網路算法,並使用 GPU 進行模型訓練,不只奠定了 NVIDIA 在 AI 中的地位, 自此之後的 AI 研究也大多聚焦在類神經網路上,不斷的追求創新和突破。
從現在看未來:AI 不僅是工具,也是創作者
隨著時間軸繼續向前推進,如今的 AI 技術不僅深植於類神經網路應用中,更在藝術、創意和日常生活中發揮重要作用,而「2024 未來媒體藝術節」第二章「創造力的轉變」及第三章「創作者的洞見」,便邀請各國藝術家展出運用 AI 與科技的作品。
例如,超現代映畫展出的作品《無限共作 3.0》,乃是由來自創意科技、建築師、動畫與互動媒體等不同領域的藝術家,運用 AI 和新科技共同創作的作品。「人們來到此展區,就像走進一間新科技的實驗室,」吳達坤形容,觀眾在此不僅是被動的觀察者,更是主動的參與者,可以親身感受創作方式的轉移,以及 AI 如何幫助藝術家創作。
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而第四章「未完的篇章」則邀請觀眾一起思考未來與 AI 共生的方式。臺灣新媒體創作團隊貳進 2ENTER 展出的作品《虛擬尋根-臺灣》,將 AI 人物化,採用與 AI 對話記錄的方法,探討網路發展的歷史和哲學,並專注於臺灣和全球兩個場景。又如國際非營利創作組織戰略技術展出的作品《無時無刻,無所不在》,則是一套協助青少年數位排毒、數位識毒的方法論,使其更清楚在面對網路資訊時,該如何識別何者為真何者為假,更自信地穿梭在數位世界裡。
透過歷史解析引起共鳴
在「2024 未來媒體藝術節」規劃的 4 大章節裡,第一章回顧 AI 發展史的內容設計,可說是臺灣近年來科技或 AI 相關展覽的一大創舉。
過去,這些展覽多半以藝術家的創作為展出重點,很少看到結合 AI 發展歷程、大眾文明演變及流行文化三大領域的展出內容,但李佳霖和蔡侑霖從大量資料中篩選出重點內容並儘可能完整呈現,讓「2024 未來媒體藝術節」觀眾可以清楚 AI 技術於不同階段的演進變化,及各發展階段背後的全球政治經濟與文化狀態,才能在接下來欣賞展區其他藝術創作時有更多共鳴。
舉例來說,Google 旗下人工智慧實驗室(DeepMind)開發出的 AI 軟體「AlphaFold」,可以準確預測蛋白質的 3D 立體結構,解決科學家長達 50 年都無法突破的難題,雖然是製藥或疾病學領域相當大的技術突破,但因為與本次展覽主題的關聯性較低,故最終沒有列入此次展出內容中。
除了內容篩選外,在呈現方式上,2位研究者也儘量使用淺顯易懂的方式來呈現某些較為深奧難懂的技術內容,蔡侑霖舉例說明,像某些比較艱深的 AI 概念,便改以視覺化的方式來呈現,為此上網搜尋很多與 AI 相關的影片或圖解內容,從中找尋靈感,最後製作成簡單易懂的動畫,希望幫助觀眾輕鬆快速的理解新科技。
吳達坤最後指出,「2024 未來媒體藝術節」除了展出藝術創作,也跟上國際展會發展趨勢,於展覽期間規劃共 10 幾場不同形式的活動,包括藝術家座談、講座、工作坊及專家導覽,例如:由策展人與專家進行現場導覽、邀請臺灣 AI 實驗室創辦人杜奕瑾以「人工智慧與未來藝術」為題舉辦講座,希望透過帶狀活動創造更多話題,也讓展覽效益不斷發酵,讓更多觀眾都能前來體驗由 AI 驅動的未來創新世界,展望 AI 在藝術與生活中的無限潛力。
關於綠建築的標準,讓我們先回到 1990 年,當時英國建築研究機構(BRE)首次發布有關「建築研究發展環境評估工具(Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method,BREEAM®)」,是世界上第一個建築永續評估方法。美國則在綠建築委員會成立後,於 1998 年推出「能源與環境設計領導認證」(Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, LEED)這套評估系統,加速推動了全球綠建築行動。
根據 Roberts 等人的研究[61],在獸圈這個社群裡,成員與動物的連結也存在多樣的面向,他們認為有三大因素:(1)對一個物種的欣賞或好感(2)與此物種有精神或神秘聯系的感覺,以及(3)與這物種的認同感。事實上人類對動物態度的研究的確是一個極其複雜的問題,它涉及到演化、心理和文化等方面[65]。但是即使不考慮這些,人們對動物的物種傾向也很大程度上取決於動物本身固有的某些屬性,如各種物種的身體和行為特徵很大程度上地影響著人類對動物的感知,並可以解釋道為什麼人們喜歡某些動物或討厭某些動物[65]。
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