當我們照一張 X 光時,部分的 X 光波會穿越身體並顯影出來,然而,如果 X 光碰到骨骼等硬物時便會反射,在影像上便無法呈現而留下空白(這也就是為什麼照 X 光時,醫護人員都會提醒項鍊要拿掉,你應該不希望項鍊亂湊一腳吧?),雖然我們無法直接拿醫療用的 X 光穿透地心,但卻可以運用同樣的原理探勘地球內部。如果我們能製造出穿過地心的波動,地球構造也可以像拍 X 光一樣來得到才對,答案很接近了! 所以,我們缺乏的關鍵就是:要如何製造巨大的波動源? 最好還要傳得夠遠、能穿進地球深處。
地球的內部構造以及現今廣為接受的地球內部震波速度。圖/作者提供
故事要先回到 1889 年 4 月 17 日,德國天文學家瑞布爾帕西維茲(Ernst von Rebeur-Paschwitz)一如往常地走到他在波茨坦電報山(Telegraph Hill)的重力觀測站查看天文引力(因為天體造成引力的變化)留下的重力紀錄。那天,不同於往常圓滑的波動,一個短暫而劇烈震盪的訊號被記錄下,如下圖,起初他十分困惑,不知道該如何解釋這個古怪的訊號。
左:利用模擬所得到的 Sg 波(地殼中的 S 波,黑線)以及 Sn 波(在莫荷面上的 S 波,藍線),模型設定的地殼波速為 2km/s、地函為 6km/s。模擬出的走時圖中,Sg 和 Sn 便分別為 2.1 km/s 與 6km/s 的速度前進。右: Sg 波與 Sn 波在地球中傳遞的方式,由於 Sn 波是以地函的速度前進,因此有可能比 Sg 快。圖/作者提供
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