Van Rijckeghem, Caroline, and Beatrice Weder. “Bureaucratic corruption and the rate of temptation: do wages in the civil service affect corruption, and by how much?.” Journal of development economics 65.2 (2001): 307-331.
Abbink, Klaus. Fair salaries and the moral costs of corruption. No. 1/2000. Bonn Econ Discussion Papers, 2000.
Mahmood, Mabroor. “Corruption in civil administration: Causes and cures.”Humanomics 21.3 (2005): 62-84.
也就是說,道德解離是一種個體為自己面臨或違反道德行為做辯解和合理化的心理運作。2 其機制包含:道德論證(Moral justification)、委婉標示(Euphemistic labelling)、優勢對比(Advantageous comparison)、責任轉移(Displacement of responsibility)、責任分散(Diffusion of responsibility)、結果扭曲(Distortion of consequence)、非人性(Dehumanization)和責備歸因(attribution of blame)八種因素,這些因素與社會結構及環境相互關聯,並非獨立運作的3。
Bandura, A. (1991). Social cognitive theory of moral thought and action. In W. M. Kurtines, & J. L. Gewirtz (Eds.), Handbook of moral behavior and development: Theory, research, and applications (pp. 71-129). Hillsdale, NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum.
Bandura, Albert (1999-08-01). “Moral Disengagement in the Perpetration of Inhumanities”. Personality and Social Psychology Review. 3 (3): 193–209.
Bandura, Albert (2002-06-01). “Selective Moral Disengagement in the Exercise of Moral Agency”. Journal of Moral Education. 31 (2): 101–119.
Bandura, A., Underwood, B., Fromson, M.E. (1975). “Disinhibition of aggression through diffusion of responsibility and dehumanization of victims”. Journal of Research in Personality. 9 (4): 253–269.