研究者們發現兩大類別的特徵與性可剝削性(sexual exploitability)的關係:(1)顯示容易被操縱的心理特徵(ease of mental manipulation),如:不大聰明的線索(intelligence)(太聰明的女人很難騙!)、不成熟(immaturity) (成熟度或許與年齡和聰明程度成正比)、嬌豔與淫亂 (flirtatiousness and promiscuity)、魯莽的(recklessness) 。第二類別(2)顯示喪失行為能力的特徵(cues of being incapacitated),譬如:喝醉(intoxicated) 或有睡意(sleepy)。
這一些特徵與作為短期伴侶的吸引力(attractiveness as short-term mate)有正向關係,而與作為長期伴侶的吸引力(attractivenss as long-term mate)成反比 (除了有睡意這一特徵)。
參考資料: Goetz, C.D. Easton, J.A., Lewis, D.M.G., Buss, D.M. (2012). Sexual exploitability: Observable cues and their link to sexual attraction. Evolution and Human Behaviour, 33, 417-426.
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費雪兄弟進行廣泛的調查,研究四十多位知名的喜劇演員與小丑,包括席德.西薩(Sid Caesar)、傑奇.梅森(Jackie Mason)、小丑布林可(Blinko the Clown),並出版《假裝世界永遠滑稽》(Pretend the World Is Funny and Forever )一書發表他們的研究。
很多人都曾經對喜劇根本上和憂傷與精神病有關的說法提出質疑,費雪兄弟並不是唯一的學者。佛羅里達國際大學的詹姆斯.羅頓(James Rotton)深入探討霍夫曼(Hoffman)的《過往娛樂名人》(Entertainment Personalities of the Past),了解知名喜劇演員的出生與死亡年份,並以同年出生的非喜劇藝人當對照組註一。
羅頓在名為〈幽默與長壽:搞笑演員較長壽?〉(Trait Humor and Longevity: Do Comics Have the Last Laugh?)的論文中說明研究的結果,他主張喜劇演員和其他藝人的死亡年齡差不多。後續關於喜劇演員死因的研究註二也顯示,他們並沒有比較常因心臟病、癌症、肺炎、意外或自殺而身亡。
總之,沒有證據顯示每晚必須搞笑演出的明顯壓力會讓他們比較短命。
其他研究顯示,能夠笑看人生可以減少不安,羅頓的研究也呼應了這點。如果喜劇真的有影響,那麼就是有益健康。十三世紀的亨利.德.曼德維爾醫生(Henri de Mondeville)推測笑有助於病人康復,他寫道:「外科醫生應該禁止病人生氣、怨恨與難過,提醒病人歡樂可以讓人心寬體胖,哀傷讓人瘦骨如柴。」
最近全球知名的學術刊物《人格與社會心理學期刊》(Journal of Personality and Social Psychology)刊出兩項研究,完美闡述了這個概念。
數秒鐘內的改變
第一個研究是由紐約大學的約翰.巴爾(John Bargh)與同仁進行,他們請受試者把幾個字湊成的字串,重新排列成語意連貫的句子,其中一半受試者拿到的字和老年人有關,例如「man’s was skin the wrinkled」,另一半受試者也是拿到同一組字串,但以另一字取代和老年有關的字,例如「man’s was skin the smooth」。
另外還有觸摸的力量。艾普洛. 克魯斯科(April Crusco)在論文〈點金術:人際觸摸對餐廳小費的影響〉(The Midas Touch: The Effects of Interpersonal Touch on Restaurant Tipping)中說明她如何訓練兩位女服務生在給客人帳單時,觸摸他們的手掌或肩膀一秒半。這兩種觸摸方式都可以比沒碰到的方式獲得更多的小費。觸摸手掌的效果又比輕拍肩膀的效果好一些。
1774 年,歌德出版小說《少年維特的煩惱》(The Sorrows of Young Werther ),少年維特愛上一位已有婚約的女子,維特不願面對沒有她的人生,決定自殺以求解脫。這本書出版後引起廣泛迴響,事實上它在很多方面都太成功了,引發連串的自殺模仿效應,導致歐洲好幾個國家都把這本書列為禁書。