為了解決這個問題,需要一種關鍵材料,導熱介面材料(TIM,Thermal Interface Material)。它的任務就是填補這些縫隙,讓熱可以更加順暢傳遞出去。可以把TIM想像成散熱高速公路的「匝道」,即使主線有再多車道,如果匝道堵住了,車流還是無法順利進入高速公路。同樣地,如果 TIM 的導熱效果不好,熱量就會卡在晶片與散熱片之間,導致散熱效率下降。
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那麼,要怎麼提升 TIM 的效能呢?很直覺的做法是增加導熱金屬粉的比例。目前最常見且穩定的選擇是氧化鋅或氧化鋁,若要更高效的散熱材料,則有氮化鋁、六方氮化硼、立方氮化硼等更高級的選項。
典型的 TIM 是由兩個成分組成:高導熱粉末(如金屬或陶瓷粉末)與聚合物基質。大部分散熱膏的特點是流動性好,盡可能地貼合表面、填補縫隙。但也因為太「軟」了,受熱受力後容易向外「溢流」。或是造成基質和熱源過分接觸,高分子在高溫下發生熱裂解。這也是為什麼有些導熱膏使用一段時間後,會出現乾裂或表面變硬。
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