研究團隊發現義大利麵條達到 al dente 前,其周長與長度分別的膨脹率相比,所得的比率是3.5比1。一旦超過了,就會軟爛。[2]此外,由於麵條煮愈久,離水時彼此相黏的部份就愈長。研究團隊認為,專業廚師也可以測量相黏長度,來推論起鍋時間,以後再將成熟的技術,推廣至普通民家…[3](原文口氣意外地認真。)總之,要知道煮好沒,不是用嘴試吃,也別拿錶計時,科學家的建議竟是用尺測量!
-----廣告,請繼續往下閱讀-----
煮麵的鹽和光
明明義大利麵條的包裝上,都有建議的烹煮時間。為什麼科學家不直接告訴大家,煮多久能起鍋?原來如果照正常的煮法,在水中加食鹽,麵條的化學和力學特性都會起變化。比起用蒸餾水,鹽水不僅有助麵條膨脹,而且會增添嚼勁。[3]此外,Sameh Tawfick 副教授解釋,滾水中的鹽量,會改變達到 al dente 所需的時間。有鑑於此,他未來要探討食鹽,在義大利麵膨脹時所扮演的角色。[2]同時,這個研究正如一道照亮前程的光,或許會引領其他人,也來嘗試用簡單的方式,研究軟物質的特性。
維他命 D 對於保持骨骼、牙齒和肌肉健康來說相當重要。《澳洲醫學雜誌》(The Medical Journal of Australia)建議,如果無法曬太陽,那每天至少要補充 400 IU6 的維他命 D。對於照射陽光不足的人來說,菇類是唯一天然、非動物性的維他命 D 來源。只要將菇類暴露在陽光下就可以產生維他命 D 7,這是在家裡就可以辦到的工作。
-----廣告,請繼續往下閱讀-----
把菇類放在窗臺上讓菌褶朝向陽光,放置 15 分鐘後再烹調,這樣的簡單步驟即可將菇類變成維他命 D 的絕佳來源。僅 84 公克新鮮、暴露於紫外線的洋菇,就含有超過 600 IU 的維他命 D,且與維他命 D 營養補充品一樣容易被身體吸收。8
註解
William Shurtleff and Akiko Aoyagi, History of Tempeh and Tempeh Products (1815– 2020): Bibliography and Sourcebook, Soyinfo Center, Lafayette, 2020, p. 351. ↩︎
Marianna Cerini, ‘Tempeh, Indonesia’s wonder food’, The Economist, 23 January 2020, <economist.com/1843/2020/01/23/ tempehindonesias-wonder-food>. ↩︎
@david_zilber, ‘Biomimicry is a fascinating way⋯’ [Instagram post], David Chaim Jacob Zilber, 26 May 2020,<instagram.com/p/ CAptR8qpN-T> . ↩︎
Winston Churchill and Steven Spurrier, ‘Fifty years hence’, Strand Magazine, issue 82, no. 49, 1931. ↩︎
IU 為國際單位,用於計算或測量維他命 效力和生物有效性的標準化單位之一。 1 IU = 0.025 微克麥角鈣化醇(維他命 D2 )。 ↩︎
Mary Jo Feeney et al., ‘Mushrooms— biologically distinct and nutritionally unique’. ↩︎
Victor L Fulgoni III and Sanjiv Agarwal, ‘Nutritional impact of adding a serving of mushrooms on usual intakes and nutrient adequacy using National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011–2016 data’, Food Science and Nutrition, vol. 9, issue 3, 2021, <doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.2120>. ↩︎
Simner, J., Mulvenna, C., Sagiv, N., Tsakanikos, E., Witherby, S. A., Fraser, C., Scott, K., & Ward, J. (2006). Synaesthesia: The prevalence of atypical cross-modal experiences. Perception, 35(8), 1024–1033. https://doi.org/10.1068/p5469
Bankieris, K., & Simner, J. (2015). What is the link between synaesthesia and sound symbolism? Cognition, 136, 186–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2014.11.013
Freeman, E. D. (2020). Hearing what you see: Distinct excitatory and disinhibitory mechanisms contribute to visually-evoked auditory sensations. Cortex, 131, 66–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2020.06.014
BBC. (2014, September 17). Science & Nature – Horizon. BBC.
Eagleman, D. (2023, September 6). Wednesday is Indigo Blue. David Eagleman. https://eagleman.com/books/wednesday-is-indigo-blue/
Eagleman, D. M., Kagan, A. D., Nelson, S. S., Sagaram, D., & Sarma, A. K. (2007). A standardized test battery for the study of Synesthesia. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 159(1), 139–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2006.07.012
Ramachandran, V. S., & Hubbard, E. M. (2001). Synaesthesia–a window into perception, thought and language. Journal of consciousness studies, 8(12), 3-34.
Ozturk, O., Krehm, M., & Vouloumanos, A. (2013). Sound symbolism in infancy: Evidence for sound–shape cross-modal correspondences in 4-month-olds. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 114(2), 173–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2012.05.004
Styles, S. J., & Gawne, L. (2017). When does Maluma/takete fail? Two key failures and a meta-analysis suggest that phonology and phonotactics matter. I-Perception, 8(4), 204166951772480. https://doi.org/10.1177/2041669517724807
Ćwiek, A., Fuchs, S., Draxler, C., Asu, E. L., Dediu, D., Hiovain, K., Kawahara, S., Koutalidis, S., Krifka, M., Lippus, P., Lupyan, G., Oh, G. E., Paul, J., Petrone, C., Ridouane, R., Reiter, S., Schümchen, N., Szalontai, Á., Ünal-Logacev, Ö., Winter, B. (2021). The bouba/kiki effect is robust across cultures and writing systems. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 377(1841). https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2020.0390
Barton, D. N., & Halberstadt, J. (2017). A Social Bouba/Kiki Effect: A bias for people whose names match their faces. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 25(3), 1013–1020. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-017-1304-x
Sidhu, D. M., Pexman, P. M., & Saint-Aubin, J. (2016). From the bob/kirk effect to the Benoit/éric effect: Testing the mechanism of name sound symbolism in two languages. Acta Psychologica, 169, 88–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2016.05.011
BBC. (2021, July 29). Rick Astley rolls into a billion YouTube views. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-58011677
BBC. (2018, September 10). Rick Astley on the Rickroll meme that made him an online legend. BBC Scotland. https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/5D3ZmWf1hJmCxCc5Vn0sS64/rick-astley-on-the-rickroll-meme-that-made-him-an-online-legend
Jones, R. (2021)。跨感官心理學:解鎖行為背後的知覺密碼,改變他人、提升表現的生活處方箋 (陳松筠譯)。商周出版。
可是海上的風就是比陸地上強上好幾倍,這麼香的風力來源怎麼能放著不用呢?來自挪威的公司 World Wide Wind 提出了一種浮標式風電機組,省去了海底工程的麻煩。這種風電機組採用垂直軸的設計,這樣機組就不會被海風吹著跑。整個裝置可以靠著海面下的配重平衡地直立在海面上,除了電纜之外不須要任何固定措施。這大大地擴展了離岸風電的發展空間。許多最佳的風場位在離岸較遠的深海區域,我們沒辦法在這些海床上豎立巨大的水平軸風車,這時候就可以透過漂浮式構造來擴張風電的勢力範圍。