不過有時候,雲層中的電荷如果率先找到了向上的通道,便會產生「向上」的閃電,稱為「藍色噴流(Blue Jet)」,屬於 TLE 的一種。由於成因和一般雲對地閃電類似,這種宛如外星傳送門一般的景象有時被稱為中高層大氣閃電,但藍色噴流聽起來酷多了。雖然拍攝者沒有特別註明,不過這次在國際太空站拍攝到的有可能是藍色啟動器(Blue Starter),也就是長度較短的藍色噴流。
到這裡你可能已經發現,科學家為這類現象命名的品味十分獨特,而且他們還花時間將這些有趣的名字硬是編成煞有其事的縮寫。SPRITE 是強烈雷雨雲電離導致的平流層擾動(Stratospheric/mesospheric Perturbations Resulting from Intense Thunderstorm Electrification);ELVES 則是電磁脈衝源造成的甚低頻擾動與發光現象(Emission of Light and Very Low Frequency perturbations due to Electromagnetic Pulse Sources)。為了延續這個主題,後來陸續被觀察到的現象也以這類概念取名,包括山怪巨魔(TROLL)、小妖精(Pixies)、幽靈(GHOST),和地精(Gnomes),為大氣科學增添許多奇幻色彩。
根據福爾摩沙衛星二號的觀測資料,科學家估計全球每年會發生數百萬次 TLE。關於它們的成因和物理機制,目前只能算是略懂略懂,而其對氣候和高空飛行器的影響也有待科學家繼續探索瞭解。目前國際太空站上的哥倫布號實驗艙外已經配備專門的設施,針對 TLE 進行監控拍攝。將來或許能見到更多絢爛的奇幻物種現身在遙遠的空中。
Ammerman, N. C., Beier-Sexton, M., & Azad, A. F. (2008). Laboratory maintenance of Rickettsia rickettsii. Current protocols in microbiology, Chapter 3, Unit–3A.5.
Silverman, D. J. (1991). Some Contributions of Electron Microscopy to the Study of the Rickettsiae. European Journal of Epidemiology, 7(3), 200–206.
Gracie, D. J., Williams, C. J., Sood, R., Mumtaz, S., Bholah, M. H., Hamlin, P. J., et al. (2017). Negative effects on psychological health and quality of life of genuine irritable bowel syndrome–type symptoms in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 15, 376–384. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.cgh.2016.05.012
van Langenberg, D. R., & Gibson, P. R. (2010). Systematic review: Fatigue in inflammatory bowel disease. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 32, 131–143.
D’Silva, A., Fox, D. E., Nasser, Y., Vallance, J. K., Quinn, R. R., Ronksley, P. E., & Raman, M. (2022). Prevalence and risk factors for fatigue in adults with inflammatory bowel disease: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology: the official clinical practice. journal of the American Gastroenterological Association, 20(5), 995–1009.e7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2021.06.034
Van Langenberg, D. R., Yelland, G. W., Robinson, S. R., and Gibson, P. R. (2017). Cognitive impairment in Crohn’s disease is associated with systemic inflammation, symptom burden and sleep disturbance. United European Gastroenterology Journal, 5, 579–587. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050640616663397
Ng, J. Y., Chauhan, U., Armstrong, D., Marshall, J., Tse, F., Moayyedi, P., et al. (2018). A comparison of the prevalence of anxiety and depression between uncomplicated and complex Ibd patient groups. Gastroenterology Nursing, 41, 427–435. https://doi.org/10.1097/ SGA.0000000000000338
Tremlett, H., Bauer, K. C., Appel-Cresswell, S., Finlay, B. B., & Waubant, E. (2017). The gut microbiome in human neurological disease: a review. Annals of Neurology, 81, 369–382. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.24901
Vogt, N. M., Kerby, R. L., Dill-Mcfarland, K. A., Harding, S. J., Merluzzi, A. P., Johnson, S. C., et al. (2017). Gut microbiome alterations in Alzheimer’s disease. Scientific Reports, 7, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-13601-y
Haran, J. P., Bhattarai, S. K., Foley, S. E., Dutta, P., Ward, D. V., Bucci, V., et al. (2019). Alzheimer’s disease microbiome is associated with dysregulation of the anti- inflammatory P-glycoprotein pathway. mBio, 10, e00632–e00619. https://doi.org/10.1128/ mBio.00632-19
Romano, S., Savva, G. M., Bedarf, J. R., Charles, I. G., Hildebrand, F., & Narbad, A. (2021). Meta-analysis of the Parkinson’s disease gut microbiome suggests alterations linked to intestinal inflammation. npj Parkinson’s Disease, 7, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41531-021-00156-z
Ohgami, N., Ida-Eto, M., Shimotake, T., Sakashita, N., Sone, M., Nakashima, T., et al. (2010). C-ret–mediated hearing loss in mice with Hirschsprung disease. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107, 13051–13056. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1004520107
Denton, A. J., Godur, D. A., Mittal, J., Bencie, N. B., Mittal, R., & Eshraghi, A. A. (2022). Recent advancements in understanding the gut microbiome and the inner ear Axis. Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America, 55, 1125–1137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.otc.2022.07.002
Graham et al., 2023 Graham, A. S., Ben-Azu, B., Tremblay, M. È., Torre, P., 3rd, Senekal, M., Laughton, B., van der Kouwe, A., Jankiewicz, M., Kaba, M., & Holmes, M. J. (2023). A review of the auditory-gut-brain axis. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 17, 1183694. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2023.1183694
Kociszewska, D., & Vlajkovic, S. M. (2022). The association of inflammatory gut diseases with neuroinflammatory and auditory disorders. Frontiers in Bioscience-Elite, 14:8. https://doi.org/10.31083/j.fbe1402008
Megantara, I., Wikargana, G. L., Dewi, Y. A., Permana, A. D., & Sylviana, N. (2022). The role of gut Dysbiosis in the pathophysiology of tinnitus: a literature review. International Tinnitus Journal, 26, 27–41. https://doi.org/10.5935/0946-5448.20220005
Breit, S., Kupferberg, A., Rogler, G., and Hasler, G. (2018). Vagus nerve as modulator of the brain–gut axis in psychiatric and inflammatory disorders. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 9:44. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00044
Mion, F., Pellissier, S., Garros, A., Damon, H., Roman, S., and Bonaz, B. (2020). Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: a pilot, open-label study. Bioelectronics in Medicine, 3, 5–12. https://doi.org/10.2217/ bem-2020-0004
Lehtimäki, J., Hyvärinen, P., Ylikoski, M., Bergholm, M., Mäkelä, J. P., Aarnisalo, A., et al. (2013). Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation in tinnitus: a pilot study. Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 133, 378–382. https://doi.org/10.3109/00016489.2012.750736
Ylikoski, J., Markkanen, M., Pirvola, U., Lehtimäki, J. A., Ylikoski, M., Jing, Z., et al. (2020). Stress and tinnitus; transcutaneous auricular vagal nerve stimulation attenuates tinnitus-triggered stress reaction. Frontiers in Psychology, 11:2442. https://doi.org/10.3389/ fpsyg.2020.570196
Fousekis, F. S., Saridi, M., Albani, E., Daniel, F., Katsanos, K. H., Kastanioudakis, I. G., et al. (2018). Ear involvement in inflammatory bowel disease: a review of the literature. Journal of Clinical Medicine Research, 10(8), 609–614. https://doi.org/10.14740/jocmr3465w
Karmody, C. S., Valdez, T. A., Desai, U., & Blevins, N. H. (2009). Sensorineural hearing loss in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. American Journal of Otolaryngology, 30, 166–170.
Akbayir, N., Çaliş, A. B., Alkim, C., Sökmen, H. M. M., Erdem, L., Özbal, A., et al. (2005). Sensorineural hearing loss in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: A subclinical extraintestinal manifestation. Digestive Diseases and Sciences, 50, 1938–1945. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s10620-005-2964-3
Wang, W., Zhang, L. S., Zinsmaier, A. K., Patterson, G., Leptich, E. J., Shoemaker, S. L., et al. (2019). Neuroinflammation mediates noise-induced synaptic imbalance and tinnitus in rodent models. PLoS Biology, 17:e3000307. https://doi.org/10.1371/ journal.pbio.3000307
Niu, J., Xu, H., Zeng, G. et al. (2023). Music-based interventions in the feeding environment on the gut microbiota of mice. Scientific Reports, 13, 6313. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-33522-3