Maister, L., De Beukelaer, S., Longo, M. R., & Tsakiris, M. (2021). The Self in the Mind’s Eye: Revealing How We Truly See Ourselves Through Reverse Correlation. Psychological Science. https://doi.org/10.1177/09567976211018618
因此後來有學者提出「審美流暢理論」的改版 :「愉悅─興致的審美模型(Pleasure-Interest Model of Aesthetic Liking, PIA Model)」 ( Graf, & Landwehr, 2015),此理論認為人在觀賞物品前會有所預期(我要來投新身分證的票囉),而在觀賞時勢必會遇到與預期不符的情形(喔!這個身分證設計跟我想像的不一樣),也就是大腦在處理看到的訊息時有了不流暢感(disfluency),此不流暢感會「序列性地」經過兩階段的審美處理:
研究發現人們會最喜歡不會太單調又不會太過於複雜的畫面。圖/Güçlütürk, Y., Jacobs, R. H., & Lier, R. V. (2016). Liking versus complexity: decomposing the inverted U-curve. Frontiers in human neuroscience, 10, 112.
Blijlevens, J., Carbon, C. C., Mugge, R., & Schoormans, J. P. (2012). Aesthetic appraisal of product designs: Independent effects of typicality and arousal. British Journal of Psychology, 103(1), 44-57.
Graf, L. K., & Landwehr, J. R. (2015). A dual-process perspective on fluency-based aesthetics: the pleasure-interest model of aesthetic liking. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 19(4), 395-410.
Güçlütürk, Y., Jacobs, R. H., & Lier, R. V. (2016). Liking versus complexity: decomposing the inverted U-curve. Frontiers in human neuroscience, 10, 112.
Jacobsen, T., Schubotz, R. I., Höfel, L., & Cramon, D. Y. V. (2006). Brain correlates of aesthetic judgment of beauty. Neuroimage, 29(1), 276-285.
Lindgaard, G., Dudek, C., Sen, D., Sumegi, L., & Noonan, P. (2011). An exploration of relations between visual appeal, trustworthiness and perceived usability of homepages. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI), 18(1), 1.
Lindgaard, G., Fernandes, G., Dudek, C., & Brown, J. (2006). Attention web designers: You have 50 milliseconds to make a good first impression!. Behaviour & information technology, 25(2), 115-126.
Reber, R., Schwarz, N., & Winkielman, P. (2004). Processing fluency and aesthetic pleasure: Is beauty in the perceiver’s processing experience?. Personality and social psychology review, 8(4), 364-382.
Van Paasschen, J., Bacci, F., & Melcher, D. P. (2015). The influence of art expertise and training on emotion and preference ratings for representational and abstract artworks. PloS one, 10(8), e0134241.
Willis, J., & Todorov, A. (2006). First impressions: Making up your mind after a 100-ms exposure to a face. Psychological science, 17(7), 592-598.
兩個多禮拜前,一位名為Esther Honig的記者發表了一個名為Before & After的專題。Esther想知道各個國家對於美是否有同樣的標準。於是Esther拍了一張自拍照,接著Esther將這張照片發送給世界各地的Photoshop專家請他們 “Make her beautiful”。結果如下圖。這個創意專題引起了大篇幅的媒體報導和討論,讓人們重新反思對於美的追求是否過了頭。
Esther自己是這麼說的
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“Photoshop allows us to achieve our unobtainable standards of beauty, but when we compare those standards on a global scale, achieving the ideal remains all the more elusive.” – Esther