以市面上備受矚目的 Panasonic A La Uno 全自動洗淨馬桶為例,就是將材料科學、結構工程與流體力學發揮到極致的典型代表:
1. 材料層:有機玻璃系新素材
A La Uno 全自動洗淨馬桶採新開發的「有機玻璃系新素材」(以壓克力高分子為基礎研發的衛浴專用材料,這類高分子成形技術亦被廣泛運用於大型水族館高壓觀景窗與飛機機艙罩)。這種材料表面具備極佳的疏水性與耐水垢特性,水滴不易長時間攤平停留;材質堅固、不易破裂,耐刮、不易造成細小傷痕。通過實驗測試,這種素材配合泡沫洗淨,在沖洗後能有效沖刷掉高達 99.99% 的大腸桿菌,從源頭阻斷細菌定殖。
-----廣告,請繼續往下閱讀-----
2. 結構層:無接縫工藝與三重防濺防護
在宏觀結構上,A La Uno 全自動洗淨馬桶採用無水箱沖水與便器、溫水洗淨便座一體成型設計,減少傳統水箱與座體之間的結構層次及接縫,並搭配可動迴轉式排水系統完成沖洗。更貼心的是其「三重防護」設計:
泡沫防護:在水面上製造一層充沛的泡沫緩衝層,有效抑制男性站立小便時的尿液與污水飛濺;
外圍防護:馬桶邊界特別設計了高約 3mm 的水檔,防止液體延著外壁滴落至地板;
測漏防護:便座與馬桶本體採用不外露的防護設計,避免液體從縫隙飛濺滲漏。
Panasonic A La Uno 全自動洗淨馬桶
3. 動態流體層:雙效泡沫洗淨、漩渦水流與 nanoe™ X
當污垢降落在馬桶內壁時,A La Uno全自動洗淨馬桶 的動態流體科技便接手進行徹底打掃。其「雙效泡沫洗淨」會先釋放直徑約 5mm 的「毫米泡沫」包裹並帶走大塊髒污,再透過直徑約 60微米的「微米泡沫」深入微觀縫隙,徹底溶解殘餘的油脂與細微污垢。接著,配合高度清潔力的「漩渦型強力水流」,利用旋轉產生的流體剪切力,一口氣將附著力已被削弱的污垢剝離並沖走。此外,Panasonic A La Uno 全自動洗淨馬桶還搭襯了 nanoe™ X 健康科技,釋放氫氧離子有效抑制異味與髒污,維持空氣與內壁的良好衛生狀態。
眼壓過高者:一篇研究將 17 位受試者分為兩組, A 組的 11 位受試者在開始服用葡萄糖胺前就有測量過眼壓; B 組的 6 位受試者則是在服用葡萄糖胺前沒有測量過眼壓。兩組中每位病患服用的葡萄糖胺劑量不同,但大部分患者每天是服用 1500 毫克。結果發現, A 組的受試者在開始服用葡萄糖胺之後,眼壓顯著提升,停止服用之後眼壓則顯著下降; B 組患者則是在停止服用葡萄糖胺後眼壓顯著下降,若將兩組合併作統計分析,同樣發現停止服用葡萄糖胺之後眼壓有顯著下降的情況( Ref 18 )。
Juan Salazar, Luis Bello, Mervin Chávez, Roberto Añez, Joselyn Rojas, and Valmore Bermúdez. Glucosamine for Osteoarthritis: Biological Effects, Clinical Efficacy, and Safety on Glucose Metabolism. Arthritis Volume 2014, Article ID 432463, 13 pages.
Marlene Fransen, Maria Agaliotis, Lillias Nairn, Milana Votrubec, Lisa Bridgett, Steve Su, Stephen Jan, Lyn March, John Edmonds, Robyn Norton, Mark Woodward, Richard Day. Ann Rheum Dis 2015;74:851–858.
Marc C. Hochberg, Roy D. Altman, Karine Toupin April, Maria Benkhalti, Gordon Guyatt, Jessie Mcgowan, Tanveer Towheed, Vivian Welch, George Wells, and Peter Tugwell. American College of Rheumatology 2012 Recommendations for the Use of Nonpharmacologic and Pharmacologic Therapies in Osteoarthritis of the Hand, Hip, and Knee. Arthritis Care & Research Vol. 64, No. 4, April 2012, pp 465–474.
Cibulka MT, White DM, Woehrle J, Harris-Hayes M, Enseki K, Fagerson TL, Slover J, Godges JJ. Hip pain and mobility deficits–hip osteoarthritis: clinical practice guidelines linked to the international classification of functioning, disability, and health from the orthopaedic section of the American Physical Therapy Association. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2009 Apr;39(4):A1-25.
American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Treatment of Osteoarthritis of the Knee. 2nd ed Rosemont, IL: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons; 2013.
The National Collaborating Centre for Chronic Conditions. Osteoarthritis: National Clinical guideline for Care and Management in Adults. London, UK: Royal College of Physicians; 2008.
W Zhang, M Doherty, B F Leeb, L Alekseeva, N K Arden, J W Bijlsma, F Dinc¸er, K Dziedzic, HJ H¨auselmann, G Herrero-Beaumont, P Kaklamanis, S Lohmander, E Maheu, E Martı´n-Mola, K Pavelka, L Punzi, S Reiter, J Sautner, J Smolen, G Verbruggen, I Zimmermann-Go´rska. EULAR evidence based recommendations for the management of hand osteoarthritis: Report of a Task Force of the EULAR Standing Committee for International Clinical Studies Including Therapeutics (ESCISIT). Ann Rheum Dis 2007;66:377–388.
W Zhang, M Doherty, N Arden, B Bannwarth, J Bijlsma, K-P Gunther, H J Hauselmann, G Herrero-Beaumont, K Jordan, P Kaklamanis, B Leeb, M Lequesne, S Lohmander, B Mazieres, E Martin-Mola, K Pavelka, A Pendleton, L Punzi, B Swoboda, R Varatojo, G Verbruggen, I Zimmermann-Gorska, M Dougados. EULAR evidence based recommendations for the management of hip osteoarthritis: report of a task force of the EULAR Standing Committee for International Clinical Studies Including Therapeutics (ESCISIT). Ann Rheum Dis 2005;64:669–681.
K M Jordan, N K Arden, M Doherty, B Bannwarth, J W J Bijlsma, P Dieppe, K Gunther, H Hauselmann, G Herrero-Beaumont, P Kaklamanis, S Lohmander, B Leeb, M Lequesne, B Mazieres, E Martin-Mola, K Pavelka, A Pendleton, L Punzi, U Serni, B Swoboda, G Verbruggen, I Zimmerman-Gorska, M Dougados. EULAR Recommendations 2003: an evidence based approach to the management of knee osteoarthritis: Report of a Task Force of the Standing Committee for International Clinical Studies Including Therapeutic Trials (ESCISIT) Ann Rheum Dis 2003;62:1145–1155.
W. Zhang Ph.D., R. W. Moskowitz M.D., G. Nuki M.B., F.R.C.P.*, S. Abramson M.D., R. D. Altman M.D., N. Arden M.D., S. Bierma-Zeinstra M.Sc., Ph.D., K. D. Brandt M.D., P. Croft M.D., M. Doherty M.D., M. Dougados M.D., M. Hochberg M.D., M.P.H., D. J. Hunter M.D., K. Kwoh M.D., L. S. Lohmander M.D. and P. Tugwell M.D. OARSI recommendations for the management of hip and knee osteoarthritis, Part II: OARSI evidence-based, expert consensus guidelines.
S. C. Vlad, M. P. LaValley, T. E. McAlindon, and D. T. Felson, “Glucosamine for pain in osteoarthritis: why do trial results differ?” Arthritis and Rheumatism, vol. 56, no. 7, pp. 2267–2277, 2007.
S. Persiani Ph.D., E. Roda M.D., L. C. Rovati M.D., M. Locatelli Ph.D., G. Giacovelli Ph.D. and A. Roda Ph.D. Glucosamine oral bioavailability and plasma pharmacokinetics after increasing doses of crystalline glucosamine sulfate in man. OsteoArthritis and Cartilage (2005) 13, 1041-1049.
Zohreh Mazloom, Mohammad Hossein Dabbaghmanesh, Mahsa Moazen, Sara Bagheri. Supplementation with Glucosamine Has no Adverse Effects on Glycemic Level and Insulin Resistance in Type 2 Diabetic Patients. J Health Sci Surveillance Sys October 2015; Vol 3; No 4.
The Effect of Glucosamine Chondroitin Supplementation on Glycosylated Hemoglobin Levels in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Scroggie DA1, Albright A, Harris MD. Arch Intern Med. 2003 Jul 14;163(13):1587-90.
Yvonne M.M. Gommans, BSc,Jos Runhaar, PhD, Marloes L. Jacobs, MD, PhD, Sita M.A. Bierma-Zeinstra, PhD. The Effect of Prolonged Glucosamine Usage on HbA1c Levels and New-Onset Diabetes Mellitus in Overweight and Obese Middle-Aged Women. The American Journal of Medicine. December 2016.
Marc C Hochberg, Johanne Martel-Pelletier, Jordi Monfort, Ingrid Möller, Juan Ramón Castillo, Nigel Arden, Francis Berenbaum, Francisco J Blanco, Philip G Conaghan, Gema Doménech, Yves Henrotin, Thomas Pap, Pascal Richette, Allen Sawitzke, Patrick du Souich, Jean-Pierre Pelletier, on behalf of the MOVES Investigation Group. Combined chondroitin sulfate and glucosamine for painful knee osteoarthritis: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, non-inferiority trial versus celecoxib. Ann Rheum Dis 2015;0:1–8. doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-206792.
Jean-Louis Bresson, Albert Flynn, Marina Heinonen, Karin Hulshof, Hannu Korhonen, Pagona Lagiou, Martinus Løvik, Rosangela Marchelli, Ambroise Martin, Bevan Moseley, Hildegard Przyrembel, Seppo Salminen, John (Sean) J Strain, Stephan Strobel, Inge Tetens, Henk van den Berg, Hendrik van Loveren and Hans Verhagen. Opinion of the safety of glucosamine hydrochloride from Aspergillus niger as food ingredient. The EFSA Journal (2009) 1099, 1-19.
Ryan K.Murphy, DO, MA, Lecea Ketzler, DO, Robert D. E. Rice,MD, SandraM. Johnson, MD, Mona S. Doss, MA, Edward H. Jaccoma, MD. Oral Glucosamine Supplements as a Possible Ocular Hypertensive Agent. JAMA Ophthalmology July 2013 Volume 131, Number 7 P. 955.
Takeshi Katayoshi, Masakatsu Kageyama, Riyo Kobashi, Junko Minakuchi, Naoko Suzuki b, Tsuyoshi Takara, Tomofumi Negishi, Seika Kamohara, Kentaro Naito. Efficacy and safety of a compound supplement containing glucosamine, chondroitin, and five bioactive ingredients in volunteers with knee joint pain. Personalized Medicine Universe xxx (2016) 1-5.