人物與文獻:
Kronman, M.P. Pediatrics, October 2012.
Matthew P. Kronman, MD, division of infectious diseases, Seattle Children’s Hospital.
Theoklis E. Zaoutis, MD, division of infectious diseases, The Children’s Hospital Philadelphia.
Ilseung Cho, MD, division of gastroenterology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York City.
Malaty, H.M. J. Pediatr Gastroenterol and Nutrition, 2010.
當T細胞來盤查時,T細胞身上帶有一個具備煞車功能的「讀卡機」,叫做「程序性細胞死亡蛋白受體-1 (programmed cell death protein 1, PD-1) 」,簡稱 PD-1。當癌細胞的 PD-L1 跟 T細胞的 PD-1 對上時,就等於是在說:「嘿,自己人啦!別查我」,也就是腫瘤癌細胞會表現很多可抑制免疫 T 細胞活性的分子,這些分子能通過免疫 T 細胞的檢查哨,等於是通知免疫系統無需攻擊的訊號,因此 T 細胞就真的會被唬住,轉身離開且放棄攻擊。
一九三〇年代,沃爾科特去世的四年後,劍橋大學最具影響力的古植物學家蘇厄德(Albert Charles Seward)決定加入辯論,卻在後來被古生物學家肖普夫(William Schopf)形容是「讓煮熟的鴨子飛了」。蘇厄德在史稱「隱藻化石爭議」的事件中嚴格審視前寒武紀化石證據,得出結論認為這完全是一廂情願,所謂的化石與現存物種之間沒有明顯關係,大型結構並未顯示出由較小細胞組成的特徵。
[1] Das S, Dasari A. Epidemiology, Incidence, and Prevalence of Neuroendocrine Neoplasms: Are There Global Differences? Curr Oncol Rep. 2021 Mar 14;23(4):43. doi: 10.1007/s11912-021-01029-7. PMID: 33719003; PMCID: PMC8118193.
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[2] Smith JD, Reidy DL, Goodman KA, Shia J, Nash GM. A retrospective review of 126 high-grade neuroendocrine carcinomas of the colon and rectum. Ann Surg Oncol. 2014 Sep;21(9):2956-62. doi: 10.1245/s10434-014-3725-3. Epub 2014 Apr 24. PMID: 24763982; PMCID: PMC4521622.
[3] Harrow B, Fagnani F, Nevoret C, Truong-Thanh XM, de Zélicourt M, de Mestier L. Patterns of Use and Clinical Outcomes with Long-Acting Somatostatin Analogues for Neuroendocrine Tumors: A Nationwide French Retrospective Cohort Study in the Real-Life Setting. Adv Ther. 2022 Apr;39(4):1754-1771. doi: 10.1007/s12325-022-02060-1. Epub 2022 Feb 22. Erratum in: Adv Ther. 2022 Jun;39(6):3059-3060. doi: 10.1007/s12325-022-02127-z. Erratum in: Adv Ther. 2023 Jan;40(1):387-388. doi: 10.1007/s12325-022-02335-7. PMID: 35190997; PMCID: PMC8989892.