世界上最遙遠的距離,不是生與死,而是男方急於呼呼大睡,女方想要侃侃而談。如何以正確的人生態度處理「善後」這個問題?科學家們給出了他們的意見。1979年,哈爾彭與謝爾曼(Halpern & Sherman)兩人提出了一個理論,認為性交後的時間間隔(Post-Coital Time Interval,PCTI,也就是俗稱的「事後」那段時間)是處於性關係中的雙方成功建立起情感紐帶的大好時光。這段時間越短(比如翻個身睡著了),就越有可能損害兩人之間的情感聯繫。
Daniel J. Kruger and Susan M. Hughes. TENDENCIES TO FALL ASLEEP FIRST AFTER SEX ARE ASSOCIATED WITH GREATER PARTNER DESIRES FOR BONDING AND AFFECTION, Journal of Social, Evolutionary, and Cultural Psychology 2011, 5(4), 239-247.
不管是大型電腦或個人電腦都需具有「中央處理單元」(central process unit,簡稱 CPU)。CPU 是電腦的「腦」,其電子電路負責處理所有軟體正確運作所需的所有任務,如算術、邏輯、控制、輸入和輸出操作等等。雖然早期的設計即可以讓一個指令同時做兩、三件不同的工作;但為了簡單化,我們在這裡所談的工作將只是執行算術和邏輯運算的工作(arithmetic and logic unit,簡稱 ALU),如將兩個數加在一起。在這一簡化的定義下,CPU 在任何一個時刻均只能執行一件工作而已。
在個人電腦剛出現只能用於一般事物的處理時,CPU 均能非常勝任地完成任務。但電腦圖形和動畫的出現帶來了第一批運算密集型工作負載後,CPU 開始顯示心有餘而力不足:例如電玩動畫需要應用程式處理數以萬計的像素(pixel),每個像素都有自己的顏色、光強度、和運動等, 使得 CPU 根本沒辦法在短時間內完成這些工作。於是出現了主機板上之「顯示插卡」來支援補助 CPU。
Scott, E. M., Halees, A., Itan, Y., Spencer, E. G., He, Y., Azab, M. A., … & Gleeson, J. G. (2016). Characterization of Greater Middle Eastern genetic variation for enhanced disease gene discovery. Nature genetics, 48(9), 1071-1076.
Skov, L., Peyrégne, S., Popli, D., Iasi, L. N., Devièse, T., Slon, V., … & Peter, B. M. (2022). Genetic insights into the social organization of Neanderthals. Nature, 610(7932), 519-525.
Sikora, M., Seguin-Orlando, A., Sousa, V. C., Albrechtsen, A., Korneliussen, T., Ko, A., … & Willerslev, E. (2017). Ancient genomes show social and reproductive behavior of early Upper Paleolithic foragers. Science, 358(6363), 659-662.
Svensson, E., Günther, T., Hoischen, A., Hervella, M., Munters, A. R., Ioana, M., … & Jakobsson, M. (2021). Genome of Peştera Muierii skull shows high diversity and low mutational load in pre-glacial Europe. Current Biology, 31(14), 2973-2983.
Pearson, J., Evans, J., Lamb, A., Baird, D., Hodder, I., Marciniak, A., … & Fernández-Domínguez, E. (2023). Mobility and kinship in the world’s first village societies. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 120(4), e2209480119.
Yaka, R., Mapelli, I., Kaptan, D., Doğu, A., Chyleński, M., Erdal, Ö. D., … & Somel, M. (2021). Variable kinship patterns in Neolithic Anatolia revealed by ancient genomes. Current Biology, 31(11), 2455-2468.
Wang, X., Skourtanioti, E., Benz, M., Gresky, J., Ilgner, J., Lucas, M., … & Stockhammer, P. W. (2023). Isotopic and DNA analyses reveal multiscale PPNB mobility and migration across Southeastern Anatolia and the Southern Levant. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 120(4), e2210611120.
Cassidy, L. M., Maoldúin, R. Ó., Kador, T., Lynch, A., Jones, C., Woodman, P. C., … & Bradley, D. G. (2020). A dynastic elite in monumental Neolithic society. Nature, 582(7812), 384-388.
Fowler, C., Olalde, I., Cummings, V., Armit, I., Büster, L., Cuthbert, S., … & Reich, D. (2022). A high-resolution picture of kinship practices in an Early Neolithic tomb. Nature, 601(7894), 584-587.
Rivollat, M., Thomas, A., Ghesquière, E., Rohrlach, A. B., Späth, E., Pemonge, M. H., … & Deguilloux, M. F. (2022). Ancient DNA gives new insights into a Norman Neolithic monumental cemetery dedicated to male elites. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 119(18), e2120786119.
Dulias, K., Foody, M. G. B., Justeau, P., Silva, M., Martiniano, R., Oteo-García, G., … & Richards, M. B. (2022). Ancient DNA at the edge of the world: Continental immigration and the persistence of Neolithic male lineages in Bronze Age Orkney. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 119(8), e2108001119.
Ariano, B., Mattiangeli, V., Breslin, E. M., Parkinson, E. W., McLaughlin, T. R., Thompson, J. E., … & Bradley, D. G. (2022). Ancient Maltese genomes and the genetic geography of Neolithic Europe. Current Biology, 32(12), 2668-2680.
Freilich, S., Ringbauer, H., Los, D., Novak, M., Pavičić, D. T., Schiffels, S., & Pinhasi, R. (2021). Reconstructing genetic histories and social organisation in Neolithic and Bronze Age Croatia. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 16729.
Gnecchi-Ruscone, G. A., Szecsenyi-Nagy, A., Koncz, I., Csiky, G., Racz, Z., Rohrlach, A. B., … & Krause, J. (2022). Ancient genomes reveal origin and rapid trans-Eurasian migration of 7th century Avar elites. Cell, 185(8), 1402-1413.
Fernandes, D. M., Sirak, K. A., Ringbauer, H., Sedig, J., Rohland, N., Cheronet, O., … & Reich, D. (2021). A genetic history of the pre-contact Caribbean. Nature, 590(7844), 103-110.
Zhang, F., Ning, C., Scott, A., Fu, Q., Bjørn, R., Li, W., … & Cui, Y. (2021). The genomic origins of the Bronze Age Tarim Basin mummies. Nature, 599(7884), 256-261.
Skourtanioti, E., Ringbauer, H., Gnecchi Ruscone, G. A., Bianco, R. A., Burri, M., Freund, C., … & Stockhammer, P. W. (2023). Ancient DNA reveals admixture history and endogamy in the prehistoric Aegean. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 1-14.