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不管是大型電腦或個人電腦都需具有「中央處理單元」(central process unit,簡稱 CPU)。CPU 是電腦的「腦」,其電子電路負責處理所有軟體正確運作所需的所有任務,如算術、邏輯、控制、輸入和輸出操作等等。雖然早期的設計即可以讓一個指令同時做兩、三件不同的工作;但為了簡單化,我們在這裡所談的工作將只是執行算術和邏輯運算的工作(arithmetic and logic unit,簡稱 ALU),如將兩個數加在一起。在這一簡化的定義下,CPU 在任何一個時刻均只能執行一件工作而已。
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在個人電腦剛出現只能用於一般事物的處理時,CPU 均能非常勝任地完成任務。但電腦圖形和動畫的出現帶來了第一批運算密集型工作負載後,CPU 開始顯示心有餘而力不足:例如電玩動畫需要應用程式處理數以萬計的像素(pixel),每個像素都有自己的顏色、光強度、和運動等, 使得 CPU 根本沒辦法在短時間內完成這些工作。於是出現了主機板上之「顯示插卡」來支援補助 CPU。
雖然這麼說總免不了有些陳腔濫調,但霸王龍迄今仍是我最喜歡的一種恐龍;著名的演化生物學家古爾德(Stephen Jay Gould)在五歲時在博物館中看見了裝架好的霸王龍骨架,事後回憶道:「我從沒見過如此令人驚嘆的事物!」進而開啟了他的職業生涯。可見霸王龍是多麼深入人心,並且成為了某種不容抹滅的文化標誌!
巴納姆‧布朗也是一號奇怪的神祕人物,他經常在盛夏的懷俄明與亞伯達省的荒地中穿著一件厚重的獸皮大衣,同時也在兩次世界大戰中從事諜報工作。除了協助博物館採集化石之外,他也受雇於石油公司,經常過著白天採集化石、夜晚破壞敵對公司的油井與竊取商業機密的日子。就在 1902 年,由他親自帶領的探險隊從蒙大拿州的地獄溪組(Hell Creek Formation)找到了他有史以來最著名的發現,而這項發現即將撼動世人的目光!
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在盛夏的荒地中穿著獸皮大衣搜索化石的巴納姆‧布朗。圖/American Museum of Natural History.
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實際的例子,如飼養在馬廄的馬會出現橫向的重複行走(weaving and stall-waling),此動作可能導致體重下降甚至是背部受傷。堤岸田鼠(bank vole)則會一直貼近牆壁或木桿,使得身上因為摩擦而潰瘍。實驗室中的大小白鼠,也會出現重複性清洗身體的動作(grooming),此高頻率動作還可能讓所進行的實驗出現混淆變因。甚至是家中豢養的小貓小狗也會出現重複性的單調行為,好比持續三十分鐘玩窗簾或瘋狂舔毛。[1][3][5][6]
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