另一個手段則是加法,即「增加訊息」。包括散播假訊息,選擇性釋出足以歪曲、遮蔽原先焦點的訊息,又或是刻意放送溫暖正面的心靈雞湯,目的皆在於奪取民眾的注意力。根據 Gary King 等人的另一篇研究指出,中國網軍的操作並非直接反擊不利於政府的訊息,而是帶風向、貼歪樓,使用反諷、嘲弄、抹黑對方的手法轉移焦點,讓原先的議題力道被削弱。
在做這些模擬的研究者中,有個很有名的日本名字,叫做 Manabe,他的論文會一直出現在大家眼前,也就是(只有我們在乎的)《 Manabe 1969, CLIMATE AND THE OCEAN CIRCULATION I : THE ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION AND THE HYDROLOGY OF THE EARTH’S SURFACE 》[1],最近因為大量的報導,我才知道原來他名字的漢字是——真鍋淑郎,也就是第一個地表模型的開發者,而在 2021 年時,他拿下了諾貝爾獎。
後來的論文也會稱真鍋的地表模式是水桶模型(因為其計算土壤濕度的方法宛如水桶一樣,滿了就去除,而非經土壤中水流方法流走的)。但無論如何,第一個地表模型,基本上就是真鍋與他在普林斯頓的好夥伴們發展出來的。因此,真鍋的地表模型也在後來的論文中,尊稱為第一代的地表模式,建立起祖師爺等級的封號(Sellers et al., 1997)。
1980年後,在個人電腦逐漸普及後,地表模式也開始百家爭鳴,其中真鍋的身影也就只存在各家論文的引用中了。後來再出現時,則是在地表模式大戰——PILPS(Project for the Intercomparison of Land-surface Parametrization Schemes)[2]。這個計畫中,以水桶模型這個稱號出現。基本上始於 1995 年的 PILPS 計畫,就是利用荷蘭的 Cabauw 量測站測到的氣象狀況,來驗證各家第二代的地表模式中,誰才是最強的。
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