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由大到小排到好

科景_96
・2011/02/09 ・1219字 ・閱讀時間約 2 分鐘 ・SR值 556 ・八年級
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Original publish date:Jun 25, 2004

編輯 youko 報導

科學家製造出一個微流體裝置,可以又快又好地分離微米尺寸顆粒。

以往想要分離不同大小的物質顆粒,最常使用的方法就是尺寸排除色層分析法(size exclusion chromatography, SEC)或是流動色層分析法(hydrodynamic chromatography, HDC)。不過在這些方法當中,由於大小相近的粒子,不會以同樣的路徑移動,這使得這些方法的解析度受到影響。對於後者來說,不同的流速也會影響分離的解析度。於是分離物質的速度以及解析度似乎成為了令科學家兩難的問題,不過由普林斯頓大學的Lotien R. Huang所領導的研究卻提供了一個好解答。

拜現今微型製造技術(microfabrication technology)之賜,Huang等人製造了一個以微米為單位的障礙物陣列裝置(類似彈珠台的設計),其中每一列都會與其他列錯開一點。障礙物之間的渠道,可以再細分為三個小流道。由於每個小流道的雷諾數(Reynolds number)低(約10^-3),而且是以層流(laminar flow)的形式流動,所以各個小流道的水流不會相混。

當待測物顆粒小於小流道的寬度,則待測物會在遇到障礙物時,移動到不同編號的流道,他們將這種移動方式稱為Z字模式(zigzag mode)。若待測物顆粒大於小流道寬度,則待測物即使遇到障礙物也會待在同樣編號的流道中,他們將這種移動方式稱為取代模式(displacement mode)。由於可以預知待測物顆粒行進的路徑,只要改變渠道的寬度,就可以改變分離待測物的解析度。

他們使用直徑分別為0.8、0.9、1.03微米的小珠子,以每秒400微米的流速來進行實驗,所花的時間為40秒。珠子分離結果的變異係數分別為1.1%、1.2%、1.9%。利用準彈性雷射光散射(quasi-elastic laser light scattering)來檢驗其結果,變異係數也是在1%左右;穿透式電子顯微鏡(transmission electron microscopy)的檢驗結果顯示,這個裝置的對於顆粒大小的解析度誤差約在1~2%左右,大約小於20奈米。

以同樣大小的珠子用流動色層分析法來分離,其結果的精確度為15%,準彈性雷射光散射則為3%,電子顯微鏡的精確度雖可小於1%,但無法在分離過程中同時進行檢驗。

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他們也使用這個裝置來分離細菌的染色體,這是以電流來驅動染色體的前進,其染色體移動的模式也與用液體驅動物質顆粒一樣。所使用的細菌染色體分別為61kb以及158kb,其以重量為衡量基準的變異係數分別為12%及5%左右。不過分離時間僅花了10分鐘,相較於傳統的方法來說快了許多。

該研究團隊認為,這個裝置可以為生物學上的研究帶來重大的改進,除了取代離心機的功能之外,也許能用來分離尺寸只有些許不同的各種病毒。其他的應用上,這個裝置也可以協助分離不同大小的藥物粒子,甚至改進噴墨印表機的列印品質。

原始論文:

Lotien Richard Huang, et al. Continuous Particle Separation Through Deterministic Lateral Displacement. Science, 304, 987 – 990,(2004).

參考來源:

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