聲音在不同材料中傳遞的差異,可以用體積模數(Bulk Modulus,簡寫 B )來表示。體積模數代表物體在面對外部壓力時,會做出多少體積上的改變。數學上可以寫成:
-----廣告,請繼續往下閱讀-----
等號左邊是施加的壓力,右邊是體積模數 B 乘上體積變化量占總體積的比率,負號只是習慣,這代表相同壓力下,B 值越大物體越不容易壓縮,和彈簧的 F=-kx 類似。我們知道越「硬」的彈簧反應越快,可以更快地傳遞波動;同樣地,比起在空氣中傳遞,聲速在較難壓縮的液體和固體中會比較快。因此不難看出,B 會與聲速扯上關係,而且 B 值越大聲速越快。
Trachenko, K., Monserrat, B., Pickard, C. J., & Brazhkin, V. V. (2020). Speed of sound from fundamental physical constants. arXiv preprint arXiv:2004.04818.
關於綠建築的標準,讓我們先回到 1990 年,當時英國建築研究機構(BRE)首次發布有關「建築研究發展環境評估工具(Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method,BREEAM®)」,是世界上第一個建築永續評估方法。美國則在綠建築委員會成立後,於 1998 年推出「能源與環境設計領導認證」(Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, LEED)這套評估系統,加速推動了全球綠建築行動。
Ferrer-Torres, A., & Giménez-Llort, L. (2022). Misophonia: A Systematic Review of Current and Future Trends in This Emerging Clinical Field. International journal of environmental research and public health, 19(11), 6790. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19116790
Jastrebo, M. M., and Jastrebo, P. J. (2001). Components of decreased sound tolerance: hyperacusis, misophonia, phonophobia. ITHS News Lett 2, 1–5.
Henry, J. A., Theodoroff, S. M., Edmonds, C., Martinez, I., Myers, P. J., Zaugg, T. L., & Goodworth, M. C. (2022). Sound Tolerance Conditions (Hyperacusis, Misophonia, Noise Sensitivity, and Phonophobia): Definitions and Clinical Management. American journal of audiology, 31(3), 513–527. https://doi.org/10.1044/2022_AJA-22-00035
Jastreboff, M. M., & jastreboff, P. J. (2001, June 18). Hyperacusis. Audiologyonline. https://www.audiologyonline.com/articles/hyperacusis-1223
Cederroth, C. R., Lugo, A., Edvall, N. K., Lazar, A., Lopez-Escamez, J. A., Bulla, J., Uhlen, I., Hoare, D. J., Baguley, D. M., Canlon, B., & Gallus, S. (2020). Association between hyperacusis and tinnitus. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 9(8), 2412. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9082412
Jager, I., de Koning, P., Bost, T., Denys, D., & Vulink, N. (2020). Misophonia: Phenomenology, comorbidity and demographics in a large sample. PloS one, 15(4), e0231390. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0231390
Swedo, S. E., Baguley, D. M., Denys, D., Dixon, L. J., Erfanian, M., Fioretti, A., Jastreboff, P. J., Kumar, S., Rosenthal, M. Z., Rouw, R., Schiller, D., Simner, J., Storch, E. A., Taylor, S., Werff, K. R. V., Altimus, C. M., & Raver, S. M. (2022). Consensus Definition of Misophonia: A Delphi Study. Frontiers in neuroscience, 16, 841816. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2022.841816
Zuschlag, Z. D., & Leventhal, K. C. (2021). Rapid and Sustained Resolution of Misophonia-Type Hyperacusis With the Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor Sertraline. The primary care companion for CNS disorders, 23(3), 20l02731. https://doi.org/10.4088/PCC.20l02731
Sarigedik, E., & Yurteri, N. (2021). Misophonia Successfully Treated of With Fluoxetine: A Case Report. Clinical neuropharmacology, 44(5), 191–192. https://doi.org/10.1097/WNF.0000000000000465
Webb, J., & Williamson, A. (2024). Steroids for the Treatment of Misophonia and Misokinesia. Case reports in psychiatry, 2024, 3976837. https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/3976837
Dozier, T. (2016). Misophonia Trigger Apps. Misophonia Treatment Institute. https://misophoniatreatment.com/misophonia-apps/
1987 年,本次諾貝爾獎得主之一的 Anne L’Huillier 教授發現,當紅外線雷射穿過惰性氣體時,氣體會被激發放出整數倍頻的光。也就是氣體放出許多不同頻率的光,而這些頻率都是原本光源頻率的整數倍,從兩倍三倍到三十幾倍以上的高倍頻光都有。而橫跨這麼大頻率範圍的光,就能組合出時間長度很短的脈衝光。