包膜蛋白 ( envelope (E) protein ),穿膜蛋白,與病毒生命週期的多方面有關,如裝配,出芽,包膜形成和發病機制 4。 可配合下面兩張新型冠狀病毒的外觀圖、剖面圖觀察。
上圖:病毒外表示意圖。中圖:病毒剖面示意圖。下圖:新型冠狀病毒 3D 模型,我只是覺得可愛,沒有要解釋什麼~From:上:Scientific Animation。中:US CDC。下:Rocky Mountain Laboratories of National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases。中文資訊為作者加註
Assay/Use
Oligonucleotide ID
Sequence (5′-3′)
Comment
RdRP gene
RdRP_SARST-F2
GTGARATGGTCATGTGTGGCGG
use 600 nM per reaction
RdRP_SARS-R1
CARATGTTAAASACACTATTAGCATA
use 800 nM per reaction
RdRP SARSr-P2
FAM-CAGGTGGAACCTCATCAGGAGATGCBBQ
Specific for Wuhan-CoV, will not detect SARSCOV
use 100 nM per reaction and mix with P1
RdRP_SARSr-P1
FAMCCAGGTGGWACRTCATCMGGTGATGCBBQ
Pan Sarbeco-Probe, will detect Wuhan virus, SARS-CoV and bat-SARS-related Cols
use 100 nM per reaction and mix with P2
E gene
E_Sarbeco_F1
ACAGGTACGTTAATAGTTAATAGCGT
use 400 nM per reaction
E_Sarbeco_R2
ATATTGCAGCAGTACGCACACA
use 400 nM per reaction
E_Sarbeco_P1
FAM-ACACTAGCCATCCTTACTGCGCTTCGBBQ
use 200 nM per reaction
N gene
N_Sarbeco_F1
CACATTGGCACCCGCAATC
use 600 nM per reaction
N Sarbeco R1
GAGGAACGAGAAGAGGCTTG
use 800 nM per reaction
N Sarbeco P1
FAM-ACTTCCTCAAGGAACAACATTGCCABBQ
use 200 nM per reaction
Diagnostic detection of 2019-nCoV by real-time RT-PCR. WHO. 2020/01/13版裡推薦鑑定SAES-CoV-2的 primers。From: 參考文獻2
補充資料2: WHO之研究限制與採樣建議
為保證檢驗引子偵測之專一性,已對其他的冠狀病毒進行過 RT-PCR 測試,確保依循 WHO 文件操作,僅能檢出新型冠狀病毒(SARS-CoV-2)。相關文件內容簡述如下7:
此檢驗方法,已透過檢測 human coronaviruses (HCoV)-229E, -NL63, -OC43, -HKU1 and MERS-CoV(in vitro)。而無法用普通細胞培養的 HCoV-HKU1,亦利用人類上呼吸道培養病毒,以確保本文件推薦之方式不會測出上述冠狀病毒。
Roujian Lu, Xiang Zhao, Juan Li, Peihua Niu, Bo Yang, Honglong Wu, Wenling Wang, Hao Song, Baoying Huang, Na Zhu, Yuhai Bi, Xuejun Ma, Faxian Zhan, Liang Wang, Tao Hu, Hong Zhou, Zhenhong Hu, Weimin Zhou, Li Zhao, Jing Chen, Yao Meng, Ji Wang, Yang Lin, Jianying Yuan, Zhihao Xie, Jinmin Ma, William J Liu, Dayan Wang, Wenbo Xu, Edward C Holmes, George F Gao, Guizhen Wu, Weijun Chen, Weifeng Shi, Wenjie Tan (2020) Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding. The Lancet. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30251-8
Diagnostic detection of 2019-nCoV by real-time RT-PCR. WHO. 2020/01/13
Benjamin W. Neuman, Gabriella Kiss, Andreas H. Kunding, David Bhella, M. Fazil Baksh, Stephen Connelly, Ben Droese, Joseph P. Klaus, Shinji Makino, Stanley G. Sawicki, Stuart G. Siddell, Dimitrios G. Stamou, Ian A. Wilson, Peter Kuhn, and Michael J. Buchmeier. (2015) A structural analysis of M protein in coronavirus assembly and morphology. Journal of Structural Biology. DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2010.11.021
Dewald Schoeman & Burtram C. Fielding (2019) Coronavirus envelope protein: current knowledge. Virology Journal. 16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-019-1182-0
M. Alejandra Tortorici, Alexandra C. Walls, Yifei Lang, Chunyan Wang, Zeshi Li, Danielle Koerhuis, Geert-Jan Boons, Berend-Jan Bosch, Félix A. Rey, Raoul J. de Groot, and David Veesler. (2019) Structural basis for human coronavirus attachment to sialic acid receptors. Nature Structural & Molecular Biology. DOI: 10.1038/s41594-019-0233-y
Qinghong Zeng, Martijn A. Langereis, Arno L. W. van Vliet, Eric G. Huizinga, and Raoul J. de Groot. (2008) Structure of coronavirus hemagglutinin-esterase offers insight into corona and influenza virus evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0800502105
Diagnostic detection of 2019-nCoV by real-time RT-PCR. WHO. 2020/01/17
Sonya Sachdeva, Marla R Emery and Patrick T Hurley, ‘Depiction of wild food foraging practices in the media: Impact of the great recession’, Society & Natural Resources, vol. 31, issue 8, 2018, <doi.org/10.1080/08941920.2 018.1450914>. ↩︎
這個來自 2020 年春天「患者創造的術語」, 2021 年 10 月 6 日世衛公布長新冠的正式定義,雖然使用的是「新冠後症狀(post COVID-19 condition)」,但長新冠仍是最通用的術語。在今年(2023)的 7 月 31 日美國衛生與公眾服務部(Health and Human Service, HHS)宣布正式成立「長新冠研究與實務辦公室 (the Office of Long COVID Research and Practice)」,同時也啟動了長新冠的臨床試驗 6。這場網路社群的公眾參與科學論述理念,由下而上的草根運動,進而引起廣泛群眾社會良知並驅動科學家研究,最後促成相關政策組織的成立過程,即是社會學家所稱的「公民科學(citizen science)」7 。
另外針對兒童和青少年的長新冠症狀, 2020 年的 #兒童長新冠(#LongCovidKids)運動亦促成了英國國會跨黨派國會新冠小組(All-Party Parliamentary Group on Coronavirus in the UK)在 2021 年 1 月舉行的兒童長新冠公聽會,今(2023)年 2 月 16 日世衛也公布了兒童和青少年版長新冠的正式定義 14。