當我們從事市場交易時,的確可能傷害到其他人。譬如亨利.福特(Henry Ford)銷售他的 T 型車時,馬車鞭子的製造商就無法從中獲益。在市場不存在缺陷的情況下,這交易的確實現了潛在的柏瑞圖增益(也就是贏家獲得的收益超過輸家的損失)。亨利.福特和所有購買福特汽車的人都有能力補償馬車鞭子製造商的損失,同時還能改善自己的生活。
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