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北極海冰會融化。凡是升溫超過 1.5° C 的情形,到本世紀結束前,9 月將更有可能沒有北極海冰,當暖化到達 2° C 時,這個可能性幾乎是確定發生。全球地表溫度上升,將使冰河和大冰原的面積更大幅度縮小,導致全球海平面中數(global mean sea levels,GMSL)上升,在前面 3 種情況中,預期在整個 21 世紀將加速,海洋在這些情況下也會變得更酸,這是因為排放量增加使海洋吸收更多碳的緣故。有些系統將會永遠地被改變,持續的全球暖化將可能永久造成: