關於綠建築的標準,讓我們先回到 1990 年,當時英國建築研究機構(BRE)首次發布有關「建築研究發展環境評估工具(Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method,BREEAM®)」,是世界上第一個建築永續評估方法。美國則在綠建築委員會成立後,於 1998 年推出「能源與環境設計領導認證」(Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, LEED)這套評估系統,加速推動了全球綠建築行動。
Wie 等人(2010)的研究也指出,單側聽損成人比聽常者更容易感到幸福感下降,以及在人際上遭到排擠。聽損者之所以容易遭遇人際互動困難,除了因為自己聽不清他人說話外,也可能是因旁人與聽損者互動時,必須經常重複說過的話、放慢速度、注意距離是否過遠、發音是否清楚等等,而降低了他們與聽損者溝通的意願,使得聽損者感覺更加孤立(Arlinger,2003)。
此外,Lin 等人(2014)的大腦影像研究也顯示聽損者的大腦萎縮比聽常者來得快。Lin的團隊運用核磁共振造影術(fMRI)觀測56歲以上聽損成人十年間的大腦變化,發現他們招募的受試者聽損程度雖然大多只有輕度,但全腦及右腦顳葉(temporal lobe,位置見上圖)的容量(volume)減少速度明顯較聽常者快。聽損受試者右腦顳葉萎縮的區域除了負責口語處理外,也影響語意記憶及知覺整合,而這部份正是早期阿茲海默症相關的腦區(Lin et al.,2014)。
製造業者、工人、軍警、牙醫、美髮業者等人員的耳朵較常接觸高分貝器械的噪音,因此聽力容易受損,而柯南劇中犯人的微聽損或許就是征戰沙場所帶來的職業傷害。此外,有些工作需搭乘的交通工具會發出巨大聲響,例如機組人員、消防車、救護車或垃圾車隨行人員,還有一些工作環境總是人聲鼎沸,例如酒吧、夜店等等,這些人長久下來也有微聽損的隱憂(European Agency for Safety and Health at Work,2014;Hear it,2008;Manatee Hearing & Speech Center,2016;余仁方,2014)。
另外,吸菸及藥物使用也是導致聽損的危險因子。目前已有研究證實抽菸與聽損相關,聽力損失發生在抽煙者的機會是不抽菸者的1.7倍(Cruickshanks et al.,1998),而且通常是輕度的聽損(Kumar, Gulati, Singhal, Hasan & Khan,2013)。美國語言聽力協會(ASHA)也指出,使用耳毒性藥物(Ototoxic medications)也可能使聽力產生損傷,例如新黴素、呋塞米、某些化療藥物、大量的阿斯匹靈等。
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