近年來,心理學對於自尊心的研究,有了更進一步的進展。過去,我們都覺得高自尊的人,應該會過得比低自尊的人來得更好;但是,後來的研究卻發現,有一些高自尊的人,其實過得不是那麼的快樂。我們應該也有過類似的經驗吧!身邊有一些高自尊的朋友,他們會不斷地散發能量,來關心身邊的人;但是有另一群高自尊的人,是不斷透過向下比較、貶抑嘲諷他人的方式,來維持自己的高自尊。心理學家Michael Kernis發現,那是因為後面的那群人,並不是真的那麼高自尊,Kernis把他們稱為脆弱高自尊(fragile high self-esteem)[2]。脆弱高自尊包含了三種:不一致高自尊( inconsistencies high self-esteem)、不穩定高自尊(unstable high self-esteem )、條件高自尊(conditions of high self-esteem)。
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不一致高自尊的人,如果用一般的自尊量表來測驗他們,會發現他們是高自尊的人;前面提到的那種,不斷透過嘲諷、貶抑他人,來維持自己高自尊的人,就是屬於這一類。但是當我們用一種稱為內隱連結測驗(Implicit Association Test,IAT)[3]的方式,來測量他們內心的真實想法時,會發現他們和真正的高自尊不同,他們內心的自尊心是很低的,只是他們害怕被拆穿,所以必須不斷偽裝自己,來使得自己看起來光鮮亮麗[4]。
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關於綠建築的標準,讓我們先回到 1990 年,當時英國建築研究機構(BRE)首次發布有關「建築研究發展環境評估工具(Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method,BREEAM®)」,是世界上第一個建築永續評估方法。美國則在綠建築委員會成立後,於 1998 年推出「能源與環境設計領導認證」(Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, LEED)這套評估系統,加速推動了全球綠建築行動。
當我們採用內隱連結測驗(Implicit association tests,IAT,一種可以測量人們內在真實想法的測驗),來測量他們的內在自尊時,會發現他們總會用很負面的語詞來描述他們自己[25],儘管他們口頭上並不承認這點。這也是為什麼傳統的自尊量表無法測出藍丘和查托的不同,因為他們兩個都會在自尊量表上勾選符合高自尊者的描述,即使查托是個道道地地的脆弱高自尊者。
Michael Kernis先生說,當一個小孩子被鼓勵去拒絕、壓抑他們的真實情緒時,他就越有可能發展成脆弱高自尊[1]。回想我們的童年經驗,在這個升學主義至上的國家,除了名次和獎狀之外,我們又有哪些價值呢?而許多人遇到挫折時,父母不能用正確的方式教導我們,總要我們去壓抑自己的憤怒、不安、焦慮、難過,如此一來,我們又要如何去面對真實的自我,弄清自我概念,追求內在價值呢?
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