某些章魚、烏賊、青蛙、蜥蜴、魚類等,都能透過控制特別的色素細胞,來變換體表的顏色。[1, 5]美國北卡羅來納大學威明頓分校(University of North Carolina Wilmington)的生物學家 Lorian E. Schweikert 等人,在光學顯微鏡下,看到長棘毛唇隆頭魚有黑色(melanophores)、紅色(erythrophores)與黃色(xanthophores)3 種色素細胞(chromatophores),平躺在魚鱗表面,一層薄薄的組織裡。他們還觀察到白、藍兩色,但是用穿透式電子顯微鏡確認時,卻遍尋不著白色素細胞(leucophores)和虹彩色素細胞(iridophores)。[1]
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