瑞典工程師圖林 (Sten Gustaf Thulin) 發明了第一個塑膠袋。因為相較於紙袋,塑膠袋較不容易因為潮濕或拉扯破損,利於重複使用,能減少樹木砍伐,而且相對於紙袋,塑膠袋也較能攜帶重物。透過塑膠袋的發明,圖林希望解決紙袋造成的環境問題。不過統計至今,其中超過半數的塑膠袋並沒有達成「重複使用」這個使用初衷,有許多塑膠袋反而被隨意扔棄在大自然中,造成了另一種的生態壓力。
沒錯!首先想到的就是來自日本的研究團隊,他們將寶特瓶回收場的底泥、濕土、廢水,只要是有接觸到分解寶特瓶殘骸的環境樣本通通帶回實驗室。研究團隊將這些帶回來的樣本培養在 PET 塑膠薄膜上,希望看看是不是有微生物在分解 PET,可以靠著分解 PET 產生能量,維持細胞中的代謝與合成反應。
結果真的有。
2016 年,日本研究團隊發現了一株愛「吃」塑膠的新型細菌,這株細菌可以在大概 6 週的時間內,將 PET 薄膜完全分解。研究團隊將它命名為大阪堺菌 (Ideonella sakaiensis)。
生物產生的催化劑——酵素
找到新細菌然後呢?想知道他可能有什麼神奇的超能力,最快的方法就是送去定序。
研究人員根據定序結果發現細菌帶有一種水解酵素,推測這種酵素可能與大阪堺菌能分解 PET 有關。為了證明這樣的推測,研究人員進行酵素純化,並測試其分解 PET 的能力,發現在攝氏 30 度的環境中,酵素有最佳的反應效率將 PET 分解,決定命名為 PETase。
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團隊在找出大阪堺菌分解 PET 的關鍵機制後,成功以化學方法純化 PETase,擺脫微生物實驗中的許多條件限制。不過能在 6 週內分解 PET 塑膠薄膜只能確定酵素有分解的能力,但是真正要面對 2-3 億支比薄膜更厚實的 PET 寶特瓶,這樣的實驗成果遠遠不夠,因此科學家們紛紛開始思考如何加快分解 PET 的反應速率。
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