長久以來,天文學家們一直認為,造父變星的狀態是不變的。不過,目前加拿大西安大略大學(the University of Western Ontario)的Pauline Barmby及同僚們提出報告,在該團隊研究的29顆造父變星中,約1/4正在喪失質量。當此些變星喪失質量時,遮蔽它們的塵霧會導致錯誤的距離估測。
文中來自較早相關研究的圖片,顯現了此類變星之一Delta Cephei,使用斯皮策太空望遠鏡(the Spitzer Space Telescope)所獲得的紅外線影像。紅色區域是該變星衝過星際氣體及塵埃時,激烈震動所產生的。震動形式揭露,這是由來自Delta Cephei百萬倍於咱們太陽的恆星風所引起。因此,宇宙距離梯級中不健全的較低梯級是否使得此梯級本身不可靠?
關於綠建築的標準,讓我們先回到 1990 年,當時英國建築研究機構(BRE)首次發布有關「建築研究發展環境評估工具(Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method,BREEAM®)」,是世界上第一個建築永續評估方法。美國則在綠建築委員會成立後,於 1998 年推出「能源與環境設計領導認證」(Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, LEED)這套評估系統,加速推動了全球綠建築行動。
Halpern, D. L., Blake, R., & Hillenbrand, J. (1986). Psychoacoustics of a chilling sound. Perception & Psychophysics, 39, 77-80.
Kumar, S., Forster, H. M., Bailey, P., & Griffiths, T. D. (2008). Mapping unpleasantness of sounds to their auditory representation. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 124(6), 3810-3817.
Ro, T., Ellmore, T. M., & Beauchamp, M. S. (2013). A neural link between feeling and hearing. Cerebral cortex, 23(7), 1724-1730.
Koenig, L., & Ro, T. (2022). Sound Frequency Predicts the Bodily Location of Auditory-Induced Tactile Sensations in Synesthetic and Ordinary Perception. bioRxiv.
Lad, D., Wilkins, A., Johnstone, E., Vuong, Q.C. (2022). Feeling the music: The feel and sound of songs attenuate pain. British Journal of Pain, 16(5), 518-527.
Zald, D. H., & Pardo, J. V. (2002). The neural correlates of aversive auditory stimulation. Neuroimage, 16(3), 746-753.
LeDoux, J. E. (2000). Emotion circuits in the brain. Annual review of neuroscience, 23(1), 155-184.
Kumar, S., von Kriegstein, K., Friston, K., & Griffiths, T. D. (2012). Features versus feelings: dissociable representations of the acoustic features and valence of aversive sounds. Journal of Neuroscience, 32(41), 14184-14192.