Boto, E., N. Holmes, J. Leggett, G. Roberts, V. Shah, S. S. Meyer, L. D. Munoz, K. J. Mullinger, T. M. Tierney, S. Bestmann, G. R. Barnes, R. Bowtell and M. J. Brookes (2018). “Moving magnetoencephalography towards real-world applications with a wearable system.” Nature.
Cohen, D. (1968). “Magnetoencephalography: evidence of magnetic fields produced by alpha-rhythm currents.” Science161(3843): 784-786.
Cohen, D. (1972). “Magnetoencephalography: detection of the brain’s electrical activity with a superconducting magnetometer.” Science175(4022): 664-666.
不管是大型電腦或個人電腦都需具有「中央處理單元」(central process unit,簡稱 CPU)。CPU 是電腦的「腦」,其電子電路負責處理所有軟體正確運作所需的所有任務,如算術、邏輯、控制、輸入和輸出操作等等。雖然早期的設計即可以讓一個指令同時做兩、三件不同的工作;但為了簡單化,我們在這裡所談的工作將只是執行算術和邏輯運算的工作(arithmetic and logic unit,簡稱 ALU),如將兩個數加在一起。在這一簡化的定義下,CPU 在任何一個時刻均只能執行一件工作而已。
-----廣告,請繼續往下閱讀-----
在個人電腦剛出現只能用於一般事物的處理時,CPU 均能非常勝任地完成任務。但電腦圖形和動畫的出現帶來了第一批運算密集型工作負載後,CPU 開始顯示心有餘而力不足:例如電玩動畫需要應用程式處理數以萬計的像素(pixel),每個像素都有自己的顏色、光強度、和運動等, 使得 CPU 根本沒辦法在短時間內完成這些工作。於是出現了主機板上之「顯示插卡」來支援補助 CPU。
有趣的是,這份實驗也針對受試者判斷正確與判斷錯誤時的大腦變化進行比較,結果發現,當受試者判斷正確時,他們的大腦神經變化,會顯著地活化處理高階視覺反應的MT和側枕葉皮質(LOC) ,以及關於動作控制和處理的蒼白球(globus pallidus)和殼核(putamen) [7],還有牽涉到自我獎勵的額葉極區(frontal pole regions),且這些腦區的啟動,是不需要經過意識控制的!也就是說,他們的大腦會很自動地從辨認出球路切換到準備揮棒的模式裡,不需要經過大腦思考,這也是為什麼大聯盟傳奇名將Yogi Berra會說:「打者是不能一邊思考,一邊好好地打擊的(you can’t think and hit at the same time)。」。
Sherwin, J.Muraskin, & P.Sajda(2012)You can’t think and hit at the same time: neural correlates of baseball pitch classification. Front Neurosci, 6: p. 177.
Muraskin, J.Sherwin,& P.Sajda(2013)A System for Measuring the Neural Correlates of Baseball Pitch Recognition and Its Potential Use in Scouting and Player Development. Sports Analytics Conference.
Machielsen, W.C., et al., FMRI of visual encoding: reproducibility of activation. Hum Brain Mapp, 2000. 9(3): p. 156-64. 17.
Grill-Spector, K., et al., The lateral occipital complex and its role in object recognition. Vision Res, 2001. 41(10-11): p. 1409-22. 19. Hyvarinen, J., et al., Early visual deprivation alters modality of neuronal responses in area 19 of monkey cortex. Neurosci Lett, 1981. 26(3): p. 239-43
Kaas, J.H., Theories of visual cortex organization in primates: Areas of the third level. Extrageniculostriate Mechanisms Underlying VisuallyGuided Orientation Behavior, 1996. 112: p. 213-221. 18.
Tootell, R.B.H., et al., Functional-Analysis of Human Mt and Related Visual Cortical Areas Using Magnetic-Resonance-Imaging. Journal of Neuroscience, 1995. 15(4): p. 3215-3230. 21.
Marchand, W.R., et al., Putamen coactivation during motor task execution. Neuroreport, 2008. 19(9): p. 957-60.
Euston, D.R., et al., The role of medial prefrontal cortex in memory and decision making. Neuron, 2012. 76(6): p. 1057-70.
Goldberg, I.I., et al., When the brain loses its self: Prefrontal inactivation during sensorimotor processing. Neuron, 2006. 50(2): p. 329-339.
Philiastides, M.G., et al., EEG-informed fMRI reveals spatiotemporal characteristics of perceptual decision making. Journal of Neuroscience, 2007. 27(48): p. 13082-13091.
Ryu, J.Kim, A.Ali, W.Kim & S.J. Radlo (2015) Changes in baseball batters’ brain activity with increased pitch choice. Journal of Integrative Neuroscience, Vol. 14, No. 3369–381.
這項技術與目前使用的「意識測試」方法非常不同。巴黎硝石醫院(hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière)的神經學家 Lionel Naccache 表示,「實際上,大多數的測試都是要求病人用大腦進行需要意識的認知工作,例如想像在打網球。醫生觀察執行工作時的腦部訊號,就可以確認患者是否有意識。不過,我們很難解釋負面的結果,例如病人可能無法理解我們的措詞或者他正在睡覺等等。米蘭大學的 Marcello Massimini 與其同事共同設計的方式並不會受此限制」。
Boto, E., N. Holmes, J. Leggett, G. Roberts, V. Shah, S. S. Meyer, L. D. Munoz, K. J. Mullinger, T. M. Tierney, S. Bestmann, G. R. Barnes, R. Bowtell and M. J. Brookes (2018). “Moving magnetoencephalography towards real-world applications with a wearable system.” Nature.
Cohen, D. (1968). “Magnetoencephalography: evidence of magnetic fields produced by alpha-rhythm currents.” Science161(3843): 784-786.
Cohen, D. (1972). “Magnetoencephalography: detection of the brain’s electrical activity with a superconducting magnetometer.” Science175(4022): 664-666.